Imagery in Winter’s Tale

†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. It is time for Polixenes, King of Bohemia, to end his visit with his boyhood friend Leontes, King of Sicily. While the two kings prepare to bid farewell in a state room of the Sicilian palace, a Bohemian lord named Archidamus and a Sicilian lord named Camillo are in an antechamber discussing the extraordinary friendship between the two rulers. Camillo, advisor to Leontes, observes that they were inseparable when growing up: â€Å"They were trained together in their childhoods; and there rooted betwixt them then such an affection, which cannot choose but branch now† (1. . 10). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Archidamus says nothing will ever come between the two kings. (His observation is an ironic foreshadowing of a terrible jealousy that will soon divide them. ) He also praises the Sicilian king’s little boy, Mamillius, as the finest of lads with the brightest of futures. (This, too, is an ominous observation. ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In the state room, King Leontes presses K ing Polixenes to linger in Sicily one more week, but Polixenes begs off, worrying about â€Å"what may chance / Or breed† (1. 2. 15-16) in Bohemia in his absence. When Hermione, the beautiful wife of Leontes, joins her husband in importuning Polixenes to extend his visit, he agrees to remain a while longer. Pulling him aside, she asks what his childhood was like with her husband. Polixenes replies, We were, fair queen, Two lads that thought there was no more behind But such a day to-morrow as to-day, And to be boy eternal. (1. 2. 78-81) When Hermione asks about their childhood adventures, Polixenes says, We were as twinn’d lambs that did frisk i’ the sun, And bleat the one at the other: what we chang’d Was innocence for innocence; we knew not The doctrine of ill-doing, nor dream’d That any did . . . . (1. 2. 83-87) After Leontes learns that Hermione has persuaded Polixenes to stay, Leontes immediately regrets extending Polixenes’s welcome, for the friendly conversation between his wife and Polixenes has envenomed him with jealousy. Apparently, Polixenes has an unduly suspicious eye. Perhaps Polixenes and his wife have become too close, Leontes thinks; perhaps they have been meeting in secret. He even begins to wonder whether his son, Mamillius, is the the product of a tryst in an earlier time between Hermione and Polixenes. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Later, suspicion builds upon suspicion. In a conversation with Camillo, the king openly accuses his wife of infidelity. Camillo, shocked, says the king sins gravely in speaking against her. The king replies, Is whispering nothing? Is leaning cheek to cheek? is meeting noses? Kissing with inside lip? stopping the career Of laughing with a sigh? (1. 2. 332-335) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Finally, he orders Camillo to bear a poisoned cup to Polixenes. Camillo tells the king he will perform the deadly mission, but then warns the Bohemian king that his life is in danger. During the night, Polixenes steals away. Camillo, estranged by Leontes’s behavior, accompanies Polixenes. Their sudden departure convinces Leontes his suspicions against Hermione are well founded. Angry and bitter, he publicly denounces his wife, who is soon to have another child, as an adulteress. After imprisoning her, he deprives her of the company of little Mamillius. Hermione pleads her innocence, to no avail. She is guilty; Leontes is certain of it. To confirm her guilt for others, he sends two lords, Cleontes and Dion, to the Oracle at Delphi, Greece, to request a judgment. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ After Hermione bears a daughter, her servant, Paulina, presents the infant to Leontes, hoping the sight of the little girl will quench his anger. However, wrathful as ever, Leontes disowns the child–believing it is not his own–and orders Paulina’s husband, Antigonus, to abandon it in a far-off place. Leontes then subjects Hermione to a public trial. With utmost dig nity and grace, she proclaims her innocence, declaring she has always been faithful to Leontes. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. During the trial, Cleontes and Dion return from Delphi with a sealed verdict from the great Oracle. An official of the court breaks the seal and reads the verdict: â€Å"Hermione is chaste; Polixenes blameless; Camillo a true subject; Leontes a jealous tyrant; his innocent babe truly begotten; and the king shall live without an heir, if that which is lost be not found† (3. 2. 134). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Leontes rejects the verdict and orders the trial to continue. A servant interrupts the proceedings with tragic news: Prince Mamillius, pining for his jailed mother’s love, has died. The news staggers Leontes, and Hermione collapses. Suddenly realizing how wrong he as been, Leontes tells Hermione’s attendants to treat her gently when they escort her from the courtroom. Later, Leontes receives another shock: Hermione, too, has died. Profoundly moved, the king laments his vengeful deeds and goes off to mourn. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What of the newly born child, the infant princess? As instructed, Antigonus leaves her in a far-off place, the coast of Bohemia, along with certain effects, including a note identifying the infant as â€Å"Perdita,† a name that came to Antigonus when he imagined he saw Hermione in a vision. But before Antigonus can return to his ship, a bear attacks and kills him and an angry sea wrecks the ship and swallows it and all aboard. Consequently, no one is left to report the fate of the child. A clown, the son of a 67-year-old shepherd, witnessed the bear attack and gives a report to his father, who discloses news of his own: He has found a baby girl on the coast along with a â€Å"bearing cloth† and gold. Sixteen Years Pass †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Shakespeare updates the audience on important developments through a speaker called Time. He tells the audience that Leontes now lives in seclusion and that the setting of the drama has shifted to Bohemia, where the son of Polixenes has fallen in love with a shepherdess. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In Bohemia, Polixenes stews about his son, Florizel, because the young man frequently visits the house of an elderly shepherd to woo his beautiful sixteen-year-old daughter, Perdita. Because of her lowly status, she is unworthy of Florizel’s attentions, Polixenes believes. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Polixenes and Camillo, who has become the advisor of the king, decide to call at the shepherd’s house to observe Florizel and Perdita during a sheep-shearing and feast in which visitors are welcome. They wear disguises. Also present are the old shepherd and his son; a shepherdess, Mopsa (who hopes to marry the shepherd’s son) and her friend, Dorcas; and a thief, Autolycus, who has presented himself as a seller of ballads after arriving while singing a song. Earlier, Autolycus had picked the clown’s pocket on a road near the shepherd’s cottage. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. When Polixenes discovers that Florizel plans to marry Perdita, Polixenes reveals his identity and threatens retaliation against anyone who abets the wedding plans. Sympathizing with the lovers, Camillo persuades them to abscond to Sicily. Later, at Camillo’s request, Autolycus assists in the escape plan by gladly trading his shabby clothes with the princely garb of Florizel. Dressed as a commoner, Florizel will be able to avoid detection on his way to a ship. Before returning to the palace, Camillo tells the audience in an aside that he will provoke Polixenes into following the lovers. His purpose is not to betray the lovers; rather, it is to go with Polixenes to Sicily, for which Camillo has been homesick these many long years in Bohemia. His scheme works and Polixenes prepares to follow the lovers in his own ship. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Elsewhere, the old shepherd and his son are on their way to see Polixenes at his palace. The shepherd carries a box containing keepsakes of Perdita from long ago. These objects, he believes, will prove that Perdita is not his daughter and, thus, enable him and his son to escape the king’s wrath. On their way, they meet Autylocus, still dressed in Florizel’s clothes; they think he is a royal personage. When he says the king is about to embark on a ship to chase Florizel and Perdita, they offer him gold to take him to the ship and speak for them. But because he is not who he says he is, he takes them to Prince Florizel’s ship. All of them–Florizel, Perdita, Autolycus, the old shepherd, and his son–then set sail for Sicily ahead of the king’s ship. Many days pass while the ships are at sea. The setting then shifts to Sicily. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. When Florizel and Perdita arrive at the palace of Leontes and wait for an audience with him, a gentleman of the court informs the king of their presence, announcing them as the Prince and Princess of Bohemia. He says the princess is the most beautiful creature he has ever seen. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. After they are escorted into the court, Florizel greets Leontes on behalf of his father, Polixenes, saying an infirmity prevented Polixenes from making the trip himself. When Leontes inquires about the lovely Perdita, Florizel describes her as the daughter of a Libyan lord. He and the princess sojourned in that African country, he says, before sailing to Sicily to carry out a mission for his father. While Leontes visits with the young couple, all of the others from Bohemia assemble at the court: the old shepherd, his son, and Autolycus, as well as the travelers from the other ship–King Polixenes and Camillo. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Leontes, now a reformed man who is deeply sorry for his past misdeeds, reconciles with Polixenes and Camillo. The old shepherd and his son then reveal the contents of the mysterious box of keepsakes. It contains a â€Å"bearing-cloth† (3. . 77) Hermione had given to Antigonus. Leontes recognizes it as Hermione’s, unique because of a jewel on it. He also recognizes the handwriting in the note Antigonus left before a bear attacked and killed him. Just as convincing as these items identifying Perdita is the remarkable resemblance Perdita bears to Hermione. King Leontes joyfully reunites with his daughter and accepts Florizel as his future son-in-law; Polixenes accepts Perdita as his future daughter-in-law. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Leontes’s joy, though, is tinged with sadness, for he still grieves over the loss of Hermione. Paulina, the servant who sixteen years before pleaded on Hermione’s behalf, then invites Leontes to her house to show him a statue of Hermione, sculpted by an Italian master. While the royals and nobles are on their way to Paulina’s, Autolycus begs and receives the forgiveness of the old shepherd and his son for deceiving them back in Bohemia, then taking their gold and putting them on the wrong ship. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Upon viewing the statue at Paulina’s house, Leontes discovers that it is no statue; it is the real Hermione. She has been living in hiding with Paulina these many years praying for the return of her daughter. Paulina was afraid to disclose Hermione’s whereabouts for fear of interfering with the will of the Delphic Oracle, as expressed in the prediction that â€Å"the king shall live without an heir, if that which is lost be not found† (3. 2. 134). In other words, Leontes–if reunited earlier with Hermione–might have fathered another child. In so doing, he would have produced an heir before his lost child had been found. The will of the Oracle would have been defeated. When Perdita appears, Hermione rejoices and invokes the gods to bless her child. The joy of the occasion spills over to include a proposal by Leontes that Camillo and Paulina marry. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. And what of Mamillius, the little prince? Nothing can bring him back, but Leontes does have a new son in the person of Florizel. . Now Available†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Shakespeare: a Guide to the Complete Works†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In Hardback & Paperback By the Author of This Web Site . Plot Summaries of All the Plays and Narrative Poems | Themes | Imagery | Historical Background | Glossaries Shakespeare's Theatre | Drama Terms | Essays | Analysis of the Sonnets | and Much More .. . Characters . Protagonist: King Leontes Antagonist: The King's Jealousy and Suspicious Nature . Leontes: King of Sicilia (Sicily). He is a headstrong man who is at first guided more by emotions than reason. His unfounded suspicions against his wife, Hermione, and his friend, King Polixenes, separate him from both of them and cause him to reject his infant daughter. His unjust actions also indirectly result in the death of his son, Mamillius. In many ways, he resembles the flawed protagonists of Greek tragedy; however, reforms himself before it is too late. Hermione: Honorable and loyal Queen of Sicilia. Polixenes: King of Bohemia. He opposes his son's marriage to Perdita, believing her to be a commoner. Although he accepts Perdita at the end of the play, he does so only after he learns her true identity. Whether he has overcome his prejudice against commoners remains open to question. Perdita: Extraordinarily beautiful daughter of Leontes and Hermione. Florizel: Prince of Bohemia. Mamillius: Young prince of Sicilia. His death adds a tragic element to the play. Camillo: Upright advisor of King Leontes. After Leontes order him to poison Polixenes, Camillo returns with Polixenes to Bohemia and becomes his advisor. Old Shepherd: Reputed father of Perdita. He is 67 when the infant Perdita is found and 83 at the end of the play. Clown: The shepherd's son. Autolycus: A comic thief and pedlar who assists Florizel and Perdita. Gaoler (Jailer) Paulina: Loyal attendant of Hermione. Antigonus: Kindly husband of Paulina. He rescues the infant Perdita and takes her to Bohemia. Cleomenes, Dion: Lords of Sicilia. Archidamus: A Lord of Bohemia. Mariner: Crewman of the ship that carries Antigonus and Perdita to Bohemia. Emilia: Lady attending Hermione. Mopsa, Dorcas: Shepherdesses. Rogero: Lord who tells other gentlemen that a prophecy by the Delphic Oracle has been fulfilled. Minor Characters: Other lords, gentlemen, ladies, officers, servants, shepherds, shepherdesses. . Settings . The action takes place in Sicily (or Sicilia) and Bohemia. Sicily is a large island west of the toe of Italy's boot. Bohemia was a kingdom within the boundaries of the present-day Czech republic, between present-day Poland on the north and Austria on the south. In ancient times, a Celtic people called the Boii settled the land that became Bohemia. In The Winter's Tale, Bohemia has a coastline along which ships arrive and debark. In real life, Bohemia was a landlocked region; it was entirely surrounded by terra firma. Shakespeare may have been a magnificent writer, but he was no geographer. .. Climax . The climax of a play or another narrative work, such as a short story or a novel, can be defined as (1) the turning point at which the conflict begins to resolve itself for better or worse, or as (2) the final and most exciting event in a series of events. The climax of The Winter's Tale occurs, according to the first definition, when Leontes receives news of the death of his wife and son, then owns up to the grave sin he has committed in doubting the fidelity of his wife. According to the second definition, the climax occurs in the final act when Leontes reunites with his daughter, whom he abandoned when she was an infant, and with his wife, whom he thought was dead.

A Historical Exploration Essay

In spite of the long existing disagreement regarding the very term, nature, and scope of modernism, it is still considered as one of the most significant artistic-cultural events of the twentieth century (Poplawski, 2003). This paper will provide a historical overview of early modernism focusing on the ideologies, influences, and a glimpse on works of the renowned modernists – both in literature and the arts – who lived between the periods of 1871-1914. Most importantly, this paper will explore on how early modernism managed to establish itself as a canonical category for artists and academicians alike, based on the critical articulations noted about the period. Early Modernism: 1871-1914 One of the most distinct characteristics of early modernism as a movement is its deliberate separation from the forms, structural designs, and traditions of the ancient times (Ricca, n. d. ). It is also characterized by its emphasis on details which refines the singularities of the artist as an individual. It promotes personal style that is anti-public and it is perceived to be inclined towards external formlessness. In literature, there were three styles that emerged: naturalism, decadent, and expressionism. Naturalism put emphasis on social issues being faced by common people, especially women. The writers of this movement tried to be objective in analyzing the modern society. Ricca (n. d. ) noted that in interpreting these social upheavals, the early modernists tried to explore on different elements such as simplicity, color and geometrical forms. The decadent style, on the other hand, eliminated the concept of materialism and scrutinized scientific revolution. It associated the bourgeois society with mediocrity. One good example of decadent writers is Oscar Wilde who expressed in his writings approaches to modern life. In relation to countering the impacts of capitalism and bourgeois community, expressionism attempted to illustrate new ways of artistic expression. The literary works of Franz Kafka are good examples of expressionism. He put into question the traditional concepts of reality and demonstrated the proofs that an individual in the modern age is being victimized by his environment beyond his control. Saler (1999) noted that aside from the movement’s association with stylistic innovations, early modernism includes a wide range of conceptions regarding nature and the purpose of art. All around the globe, modern art is in the state of constant change. The economic and political upheavals gave the artists the inspiration to seek new means of artistic expression and this resulted to a number of modern art movements. In the field of art, one example that can be noted is Umberto Boccioni’s Unique Forms of Continuity and Space. Boccioni was a well-known Futurist and he rejected the traditional concepts of the past and gave way to the new meanings of art through his artworks. Conclusion Modern art is usually perceived in the view of the modernists’ rejection of the conventional ideas and traditions of the past. Studies have shown that in order to understand well the true purpose of this movement, there is a greater need to look objectively into the social, political and historical influences that inspired early modernists. References: Early Modernism 1871-1914. Retrieved May 3, 2009, from www. class. uidaho. edu/engl210kt/Slides/Modernism%20to%20Postmodernism. ppt. Poplawski, P. (2003). Encyclopedia of Literary Modernism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Ricca, K. (n. d. ) Early Modernism. Retrieved May 3, 2009, from gds. parkland. edu/gds/131online/presentations/EarlyModern. ppt Saler, M. T. (1999). The Avant-Garde in Interwar England: Medieval Modernism and the London Underground. New York: Oxford University Press.

Slave Narratives

During the times of slavery many people opposed the thought of forcing someone to do everything they say, to own someone. They believed in the freedom of others and to treat everyone equally. There were many abolitionists and slave narratives who wanted their side of the story to be heard. Aunt Harriet Smith was a black woman from Homestead Texas and Aunt Phoebe Boyd from Dunnsville Virginia, both slave narratives. Aunt Harriet Smith was married to Jim Smith. They white folks killed her husband and she never knew why they would do such a thing, he was an honest man who went to church and always did what he was told (Soul, 2003).During one of her interviews Harriet was asked how long ago she could remember from her slave days, she could remember all the way back when she was thirteen years old. Harriet could successfully remember everyone’s names as well, all the white children, her owner, everyone of the slaves she was around, and people she came into contact with on a regular basis. Her owner had first purchased her grandmother and from then on owned the rest of her family from there on down. One thing she was extremely faithful to was church.They allowed the white people to go to church in the morning and the black people were allowed to go at night. They had a white preacher and he was always telling them to behave themselves. If the black slaves were to act up then the preacher would tell there owners and they would be punished. She believed that there was a God, and he would help them. The slaves were never taught to read and write, the only gossip they had was the stories they heard during church about slaves being mistreated.This was something all the slaves would talk about when they seen each other and were able to communicate and talk. Harriet said that the white people were good to them. Her owner never hurt any of them. Her owner treated her well and whenever her and her family would hear about slaves being mistreated it would shock them. The y felt bad for the slaves that were being abused. At one point in her interview she was asked why she went by Aunt Harriet Smith and she said by putting the word Aunt in front of her name was a sign of respect, and people respected her.During the Civil War, she could remember sitting with her two cousins on the white picket fence just watching the vehicles driving up and down the road. They loved the white picket fence and their owner didn’t care if they say there. They would watch the soldiers all day long walk up and down the road. One of the reasons they loved watching so much because all the soldiers were colored soldiers (Smith, 1941). During the whole interview Aunt Harriet Smith was very optimistic, she always hoped for the best and didn’t really have anything to say that was too negative.Even when she talked about her husband being killed, the only thing she kept talking about was how good of a man he was. She never turned the conversation into a negative one. Aunt Phoebe Boyd was also a slave narrative. She was very fond of the Lord and always believed that something better was coming. Smith, Harriet. â€Å"Voices from the Slavery Days. † The Liberty of Congress. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. . Soul. â€Å"AFRICAN-AMERiCAN SLAVE: Aunt Harriet Smith On Church, Slavery & Punishment. † YouTube. YouTube, 24 Apr. 2009. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. .

The Black Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Black Death - Essay Example Black Death served as a major turning point in the history of European civilization in that there was a high standard of living for the survivors, several problems arose for the clergy and nobles who apparently, were land owners as well as revolts by urban workers and peasants. The resulting high standard of living led to the more even distribution of wealth as well as the economic recovery after 1450.Popular uprisings were as a result of labor shortages due to death of the inhabitants, which made workers to demand high wages for their work, a thing that guild masters and nobles vehemently opposed. Secondly, Black Death severely exhausted medieval state’s tax base, causing kings to drastically raise taxes so as to meet chronic warfare expenses between England and France (Herlihy, 1997).Finally, the black death created problems for the clergy and nobles in 2 major ways; firstly the huge loss of population in the cities’ led to virtual collapsing of the grain markets, a k ey income source for church landlords and nobles having excess grain for selling. This particularly hurt the clergy and nobles who entirely depended on the land for income and wholly relied on the sale of excess grains in the urban centers for badly required cash. This led to the emergence of 2 main strategies for taking care of this loss in income; clergies and nobles resulted in the sale of liberty to their serfs, which raised quick cash, depriving them future incomes.

Greek art- archaic to Hellenistic period- art history Essay

Greek art- archaic to Hellenistic period- art history - Essay Example Under the Kore category, viewers will see first the â€Å"New York Kouros,† an example of Archaic style, which depicts Egyptian influence through its use of the Egyptian canon of human proportions like symmetrical patterning with the shoulders, hips, and knees on parallel lines. Influence also extends to the upright stature and frontal stance but the Archaic style was unclothed with a washboard stomach, clenched fists and the left leg striding forward. Careful attention was given to the texture of his hair with its seashell-like curls which almost look like wig. Next will be the Severe style, specifically the marble statue of a crouching Herakles as an archer which is a sculpture from the east pediment of the late archaic Temple of Aphaia in Aegina. It is far different from the Archaic style since Severe style do without the rigid upright poses of the previous style and lean towards a more relaxed asymmetrical stance with natural poses as depicted with Herakles crouching in a naturalistic manner of an archer ready for combat. The musculature is definitely rounder and the figure is now clothed and shows geometrical forms as shown in the linearity of the folds and patterns on his armor suit. The "Hermes bearing the infant Dionysus" by Praxiteles is last on the Kouros line and is an example of the Hellenistic style. It shows a distinct physical expression since his eyes looks past the child his holding as if in a dream-like state. It is similar with the â€Å"New York Kouros† with its nude, standing position and frontality but like the Herakles sculpture it has a natural musculature but much more refined but still depicts a perfect god-like body. Another similarity with the Herakles sculpture is that it is made of marble and depicts an asymmetrical balance achieved through Hermes’ posture with his left arm bearing the infant Dionysus

COMMUNISM, MARIXSM AND CAPITALISM Research Paper

COMMUNISM, MARIXSM AND CAPITALISM - Research Paper Example The productions occur under the private owners and they themselves make the investment. They are the ones who are also the eventual receivers of all the profits that are generated. The laborers work on fixed salaries and do not hold a share in the profits generated. The purpose of the manufacture of goods that is production is mainly directed not towards the greater good but only purpose of providing profits for the owners. The owners in capitalism enjoy the rights of having hold over their property along with the decisions as to whether what they wish to do with the property. Also all the profits that are produced on their property go in their hands. Capitalism is considered to be a booming factor for economic growth but it is believed that it is due to capitalism that there is unequal distribution of the wealth. This is because all the profits mainly go in the hands of the private owners and hence they are the ones who mainly benefit from capitalism. Marxism on the other hand is an other form of economic and social governance which was presented by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing - Research Paper Example As Pete, the new Managing Director, points out customers do not find even venue enticing anymore. Before shops are given a fresh look to make them more attractive, it is essential to decide which class of the customers, the company wants to target at – such as business class or young couples who want to pass leisure time or ‘as a local community store working closely with neighbourhood partners as Pete points out. Kotler describes ‘product positioning’ as an essential marketing tool to carve a suitable niche as the company cannot hope to serve all segments of the market simultaneously. Product positioning will also help decide advertising campaign and brand positioning keeping in mind the targeted class of customers using scarce resources most judiciously. As Kotler emphasizes that the company needs to shift its focus on buyer wants rather than its needs. Product differentiation is a key strategy that the Roast needs to adopt in its services, product offerings with numerous varieties in its menu so that customers have several options to choose from. Thus, distinguishing company’s product line from the competition is a key marketing strategy that can play a pivotal role to attract targeted customers. Services also play an important role in differentiating with the competition so the company must focus on it as an integral part of the product differentiation strategy. Employees are considered the biggest asset in any organization and they play a pivotal role in success or failure of any organization (Schofield, 2006).

International Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Organizations - Essay Example The lack of transparency in its procedures and the tendency for some or all of the permanent five to caucus in private are cause for concern. A more serious concern is the composition of the Council. It is not reasonable to suggest that the five winners of the Second World War, with the assistance of ten additional rotating member states, comprise a representative, legitimate or authoritative voice for a UN membership of 185. While certainly it would be good to have more representation where decision-making and policy-crafting in the UN is concerned, so as to accommodate the interests of developing countries, such moves might smack of tokenism if the single biggest roadblock is removed: the veto power. Historically, the veto power has been wielded to promote the partisan interests of superpower nations. It is obsolete and should be phased out. Second, more political will is needed on this issue of human rights. When the United Nations was created in 1948 by a world still reeling from the ravages of the Second World War and intent on healing the wounds wrought by it, it was tasked to become the primary agency in defining and advancing human rights. From then on, various other agencies were created, addressing specific human rights concerns. Notable examples of this are the International Labor Organization and the UNICEF. However, despite the complex structure and wo... Two good examples are the genocide in Rwanda in the early 90's, and the current conflict and suffering of people in Darfur, Sudan. There must be a mechanism to ensure that the UN will quickly respond and intervene. 2. How relevant is the experience of the concept of Europe to contemporary problems of management in international affairs Indeed, the European model has been helpful in addressing some problems in management of international affairs. However, a predominant problem in the management of international affairs is the accommodation of diversity and pluralism that certainly cannot be addressed solely by reliance on an intrinsically homogeneous model. Even on the issue of human rights, there are conflicting paradigms. The universality of human rights has oftentimes been challenged by critics on the allegation that the Western bias is very much evident, and that the popularity of it in recent times is nothing more than the remnants of a neocolonial attitude purveyed by the crafty and bought by the undiscerning. A refutation of this was attempted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1968 through a study that demonstrated that "the profound aspirations underlying human rights correspond to concepts - the concepts of justice, an individual's integrity and dignity, fre edom from oppression and persecution, and individual participation in collective endeavors - that are encountered in all civilizations and periods." Some Islamic scholars like Safi (2000, page 1) remain unconvinced: The pragmatic arguments for the universality of human rights are problematic, because they either completely overlook the significant impact cultural

Strategic Mapping Of A Dubai Based Hospitality Organization - Jebel Essay

Strategic Mapping Of A Dubai Based Hospitality Organization - Jebel Ali International - Essay Example Jebel International Hotel strategies will be analysed using tools for business analysis such as SWOT, five forces model and value chain management. The Dubai Based Hospitality Organisation Jebel Ali Gold Resort & Spa is located in Jebel Ali, 2.5 Km away. It a forty minutes drive from Dubai International Airport and city centre. The hotel is situated in 128 acres piece of land with stunning natural feature. The hotel is housed in a five storey building commonly known as the legend of Dubai. The entrance to the hotel is signified by its famous blue marble that is faceable from a distance meaning one is entering a world class hotel. Within the building are a number of shops and boutiques where the hotel guests do their shopping. Many people prefer to take their family at this hotel or even for business stay. 1 Jebel International hotel is part of Dutco Group of Companies that was established by Yousuf Baker in 1947. The late Sheikh Rashid Bin Saeed Al Maktoum re-constituted the company the same year and it became Limited Liability Company. 2 The management of the hotel ensure that they spot the emerging trend in what their customers look for in a hotel. They ensure they identify a new opportunity for exploitation in order for them to have a large market share in terms of hotel clients. The demographic analysis shows that Jebel Ali Gold Resort & Spa is located in a conducive environment for the purpose of attracting more customers and retaining the current one. This was done after doing a feasibility study in their market and hotel industry at large and offers what their competitors are not offering. This ensures that the hotel made better decisions in terms of marketing and facilities for their hotel. (Jebel Ali International Hotels, 2006) By forecasting on their customers' tastes and preferences, the management of Jebel International Hotel are able to satisfy them by ensuring they offer world class services in their hotel. This competitive advantage ensures that the hotel attracts and retains customers and by the time their competitors adopt their new technology, they have already made enough sales. Jebel International Hotel has strengths for being one of the leading companies in the hospitality industry in the Middle East. This is so because it has created a brand name in the industry thereby it has a strength against it competitors. Strengths also can be seen in the capacity of the Hotel. The hotel is built in a five storey building hence it has a large capacity in terms of accommodating visitors. Since the hotel has a large visitor's capacity, it is able to accommodate more visitors against its competitors. Rarely can one get at their hotels and miss a room to stay. Visitors to the hotel are usually welcomed and escorted to their beautiful rooms. This excellent customer service ensures that customers always come back after being treated well by the employees of the hotel. This kind of strength enables the hotel to always prevail in the market in terms of the number of visitor's visiting the hotel. This increase the sales of the company hence they remunerate their employees fairly. 3 The infrastructure on the other hand are excellent hence are strengths to the Hotel thereby ensure that the hotel

Quality Management Tools & Techniques Individual Project Assignment

Quality Management Tools & Techniques Individual Project - Assignment Example Actually, the establishment of this plant has been of much significance to the company. As a matter of fact, the beverage sector has become so competitive. Although the management of the Coca-Cola Inc. deeply understands much about it, they acknowledge that a lot still need to be done. For the company to continue enjoying a large share of the market, especially in this market, it needs to put in place a team of competent, highly qualified and motivated managers. These will be conserved about the management of its human, financial and all the other resources. Once the company has such management, it will be much possible for it to discharge all its operations without many challenges. First, the management will do this by hiring a large pool of professional employees to work for the company. Besides, they will be highly motivated to ensure that their productivity is boosted. Moreover, through a proper utilization of the company’s resources, the organization will manage to come up with novel ideas and viable strategies to improve the company’s products, quality of services to the satisfaction of all its clients. All these should be properly done as they can enable the company to record a tremendous growth. Once it can satisfy its clients, it will definitely have to accomplish its set short and long-term objectives. As part of the larger Coca-Cola Incorporations, Al Ahlia Gulf Line acknowledges that the satisfaction of its clients’ diverse needs is the corner stone of its success. Just like the rest of the stakeholders, the customers constitute a very significant section of the company. Without them, nothing much can be achieved. For this reason, the company has dedicated its time to ensure that the clients are provided with the necessary services and products which they always require. Beverage is a very popular product which is consumed by a large number of people in the country. However, this does not necessarily mean that the company is assured of

Thai - Writing System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thai - Writing System - Research Paper Example One adds special markings to the main sign that makes the syllables have a different vowel and becomes an alphabet. Thai writing system is based on Brahmi script developed to write Siamese or Thai language. Thai script invention was attributed to King Ramkhamhaeng during his reign. Khmer had the possibility of influencing Thai alphabet. The oldest Thai writing dates from 1283. The pronunciation of letters in Thai script is restricted with complex rules where most letters represent similar sounds. The fact was that many sounds established in Indian languages were not categorized in the Thai language; therefore, the same letters came to represent similar sounds in Thai (Suthiwan 23). The phonological changes have made Thai language to combine different sounds into a single sound. The sounds of various Thai letters vary depending on where the letters occurs either on the start or the end of a syllable. The syllable can be ended by six consonants, including /k/, /m/, /p/, /t/, /ng/, and /n/. In Thai alphabet, the beginning of a syllable is represented by letter C- while at the end of the syllable represented by letter –C. In Thai language there are blue letters including L, H and M, below every phonetic value of the letters. The blue letters denote the class in which letters belong. Another feature of the Thai alphabet is that every letter is categorized into one of the classes including high, middle and low (Suthiwan 37). When the letter appears at the start of a consonant or the syllable ending, the inherent vowel is always left unpronounced. Extra marks and strokes are added around the essential letter in order to create a different vowel rather than the inherent. Loan words from Pali and Sanskrit are also examples of vowel markers and Thai letters. Thai is categorized as a tonal language such that the pitch is the important to the proper pronunciation of a syllable and how it sounds. There are five different tones in Thai including

Wal-Marts Unethical Behavior Essay Example for Free

Wal-Marts Unethical Behavior Essay For the past few decades Wal-Mart has been criticized and accused for being involved with all sorts of unethical behavior. Many various groups of people have come after Wal-Mart protesting against their company’s policies and business practices. Labor, community, environmental, and religious groups are some of the most known types of groups that have tried to personally attack Wal-Mart for their lack of social responsibility. Just some of the many areas that have raised concern by people would be the corporation’s foreign product sourcing, environmental practices, the use of public subsidies, and the treatment of employees and product suppliers. Wal-Mart continues to deny any allegations of wrongdoings and unethical behavior (Fishman). Many stories have surfaced that would label Wal-Mart as being an unethical company. Some stories are big, some are small, and some are probably completely made up. However, there is a lot of evidence that shows how unethical Wal-Mart has been in many different types of circumstances. Prior to 2007 it was estimated that 87,000 Wal-Mart employees were cheated out of $34 million because the Wal-Mart executives failed to pay workers overtime. Some even admitted that they were trained by their superiors to not pay anyone overtime. This is a very immoral act because the workers are not getting paid what they deserve and this makes it harder for them to pay for their living expenses (Fishman). Wal-Mart has had over 100 lawsuits concerning wage and hour violations. They have been charged with not giving workers federally mandated breaks and lunches. They have also required workers to take their missed breaks or overtime before the Friday’s end of the pay period, which is an illegal act. Wal-Mart has been accused for not paying full-time benefits for workers who work 40 hours or more per week. In 2005 in the state of California, Wal-Mart was forced to pay $172 million in damages. There has been several cases of where Wal-Mart has had to pay many millions of dollars for employee damages. The ethical issue in this case would be fairness. All employees should be granted what they deserve and what they were promised (Greenhouse). Wal-Mart does not pay many of their employees enough money to support their family or even have health care. They pay 26-37% less than the national average for the same jobs in the retail industry. Wal-Mart pays poverty level wages and this is very unethical because they make such huge profits that can allow them to pay decent living wages. Wal-Mart profits more by using State Governments to fund health care for its employees which is not fair to their competitors or the society (Olsson). Wal-Mart has the worst health packages when compared with their competitors. For example they cover only about 50% of their employees while the national average for major retailers is around 64%. Wal-Mart employees have to wait for 6 months to get health insurance compared to the national average of 3 months. They even charge extra for emergency room visits and ambulance usage. Also, employees with pre-existing conditions have to wait at least one year to receive any treatment. Instead of trying to give their employees the bare minimum, Wal-Mart should readjust their prices and salaries so that enough money would go towards things like basic health care (Fishman). Thorough studies have been done as well as many court cases that prove that Wal-Mart discriminates against women by not paying them as much as their male counterparts. It is also much rarer for women to be promoted to upper management than it is a male. A 2003 study was done that showed that women received 37 cents an hour less than the men that held the same position. Female managers earn about $5,000 less than male managers. Even though 72% of Wal-Mart’s workforce consists of women they still only make up 33% of all managers. Jon Lehman who is a former Wal-Mart store manager said that most of the superiors believed that women are useless at Wal-Mart. An African American woman asked a superior if she wasn’t promoted to management because she was a woman or because she was black and the superior replied that two out of two isn’t bad. Not only is this against the law, but it is very immoral as well as discriminatory (Norman). Just one audit of one week’s worth of time clock records at one specific Wal-Mart showed that minors were working too late at night, during school hours, and were working too many hours a day. It also found more than 60,000 cases of minors not taking breaks and even more cases of minors working through meal times. This is unethical because minors should be focusing on school and not working too many hours at Wal-Mart. A Wal-Mart in CT was given huge violations for having minors working with machinery such as paper balers, chainsaws, and forklifts. Children are not at the age of consent to operate such machinery in any fashion. Horrific incidences were discovered in a Wal-Mart factory in Bangladesh where children were routinely beaten, forced to work overtime for little or no pay, and were told to lie about their age (Greenhouse). In China, workers are treated more like slaves than people. They are treated as tools to get the work done as quickly and cheaply as possible. They are taught to lie to inspectors and auditors about the amount of time they work and the working conditions that they endure (Greenhouse). They were told that if they didn’t lie then they would lose their job. Wal-Mart pays only 18 cents for a product that is made in China that they charge $14.96 for in America. It was reported that a Wal-Mart supplier factory employed minors as young as 12 working them for excessive overtime hours and for under minimum wage. They were also working with chemicals without any protective gear. All human beings should be treated with a certain level of respect regardless of age or ethnicity. Wal-Mart should improve their working conditions and remedy all situations of unethical behavior especially towards those who are under age and not supposed to be working in the first place (Fishman). Wal-Mart claims to care about the environment, but they actually harm the environment. They lied about having an environmental person dedicated to these issues and they don’t actually have an environmentally friendly policy in place. Wal-Mart shows to have more of an avoidance towards their harming of the environment. They have been known to put chemicals into the environment that can cause birth defects as well as storing fertilizers in parking lots unprotected. Wal-Mart has seemed to continue to ignore the idea of better storage for certain products and necessary environmental policies. Over a few years span Wal-Mart has had to shell out millions of dollars to pay for Clean Water Act violations (Olsson). Wal-Mart has received billions of dollars in subsidies to set up shop nationwide as well as some other countries. Wal-Mart is so profitable that it does not need to receive money from anyone. If Wal-Mart was a community conscious organization then they wouldn’t need any money from cities, states, or communities. They often set up their stores on the outskirts of town so they can receive free plumbing, however other companies and citizens have to pay for such utilities themselves when they’re in the same situation (Bianco). Sam Walton was known for practicing corporate socialism. He sought out free land, long term leases at prices below market, getting workers trained at the government’s expense, and even pocketing sales taxes. He also had a $37 million ramp and roadway constructed for Wal-Mart’s corporate headquarters in Arizona which the State paid for (Fishman). The government’s money that is going to Wal-Mart could be going towards things such as education and building our youth. They are a very selfish organization that strives to get bigger individually and have complete disregard for everyone else. There was a case in Denver where three schools ended up closing because there was not enough money to keep them open, however around that same time period Wal-Mart received $2 million. It is very unethical and not abiding by free market policies to give such a huge store like Wal-Mart such a competitive advantage when the mom and pop stores continue to go out of business (Bianco). By being such an unethical company Wal-Mart is putting smaller, trustworthy businesses out of business. Since they pay very low wages and receive money from states and governments, they can charge such a cheap price which in return puts those smaller businesses that have to charge slightly more for the same products out of business. It is just plain wrong how Wal-Mart treats everyone that is involved with their organization and the competitors. They don’t care about the economy or the environment; they only care about how much money they can collect. It is estimated that Wal-Mart’s trade deficit with China eliminated 200,000 U.S. jobs between 2001 and 2006 (Olsson). If Wal-Mart was its own nation then it would be China’s eighth largest trading partner. Wal-Mart is able to have such cheap goods because the safety standards are lower in China which in return puts the American consumer at risk. This is very unethical because Wal-Mart is risking their consumer’s health by trying to maximize their own profits. By offering such low prices, Wal-Mart is putting other companies out of business that actually sell quality products that are safe to the consumer (Bianco). Wal-Mart has hundreds of cameras and security guards inside their stores to protect their own merchandise, but it’s a completely different story when it comes to the type of security that is present in the parking lots or outside of the stores. There has been so many shootings, carjackings, and muggings in Wal-Mart parking lots that many local police departments have asked Wal-Mart to hire on site security guards to help protect against such behavior. However, for the most part Wal-Mart has failed to do so. Wal-Mart has known of these types of issues in their parking lots, but have continued to turn their heads in the opposite direction (Norman). When Wal-Mart plans for new store locations, there are many activists and groups of people that oppose and try to protest the construction of the new store. Wal-Mart tends to ignore issues such as traffic congestion, potential environmental problems, public safety, and bad public relations. In 2004 Wal-Mart opened a store in Mexico just over a mile from the historic Teotihuacan archaeological site and the Pyramid of the moon. This caused a lot of protests with the locals because they thought this was a very disrespectful notion. By building a Wal-Mart in such a symbolic area it was seen by many as placing one of the main culprits of globalization in the heart of ancient Mexico (Fishman). In 1998 Wal-Mart wanted to open a store in Nashville, Tennessee right on top of Native American burial grounds and where a Civil War battle took place. Protests took place, however Wal-Mart won the battle and ended up moving the graves so they could construct the new store. If this isn’t immoral and disrespectful then I don’t know what is. I would have to think that there would be other locations where they could have opened the store. It almost seems as if Wal-Mart likes to show their power in any way possible (Norman). Wal-Mart cannot justify all the wrong that they have done to many people and communities by simply offering and continuing to express their low prices. Money may make the world go around, but it won’t save the world. People’s actions is what will make this world a better place to live in. Sacrificing the environment and human rights is simply immoral and unethical just so one major monopolistic organization can continue to offer the lowest prices possible. Wal-Mart needs to be held accountable for all of their actions regardless of the amount of money they produce. It is very difficult to monitor and control such a huge companies actions and to try and stop them from being completely unethical. The outcome of their unethical behavior has been many lawsuits and they just continue to surface. Wal-Mart has such a huge profit that these lawsuits do not stop them from being unethical (Bianco). Hopefully Wal-Mart’s unethical behavior will eventually catch up with them. Wal-Mart superiors at the corporate level should understand that unethical behavior eventually turns around to bite you but they continue to ignore the issues. It will take many years to completely resolve the type of unethical behavior that is allowed but steps need to be taken to reach that sort of goal. A complete restructuring of the company and those in charge may be necessary to cleanse the unethical behavior. The right people and policies must be in place from top-down to every Wal-Mart store across the entire world. Once they realize all the issues and feel the need to correct them, then they can look forward to the future in a positive and ethical way that will benefit everybody involved. References Bianco, Anthony; Zellner, Wendy. Is Walmart Too Powerful? Business Week. 2003. Fishman, Charles. The Walmart You Don’t Know. Fast Company. 2003. Greenhouse, Steven. In-House Audit Says Walmart Violated Labor Laws. The New York Times. 2004. Norman, Al. The Case Against Wal-Mart. Raphel Marketing. ISBN 0-9711542-3-6. 2004. Olsson, Karen. Up Against Walmart. Mother Jones. 2003

What Causes Air Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

What Causes Air Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Looking at the recent situation in big cities, it is not difficult to find out that these cities are suffering from serious problems in human health, atmosphere and creature. First of all, air contamination leads to bad effects on human health, which causes the appearance of a range of stern diseases such as chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects. Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways. Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. People with health problems such as asthma, heart and lung disease may also suffer more when the air is polluted. The extent to which an individual is harmed by air pollution usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging chemicals, i.e., the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chemicals must be taken into account. Moreover, sky is also influenced significantly by fog smoke. Beijing in China is the most typical example. According to Diego Azubel, a writer in EPA, cars run on an elevated road as buildings in the background are covered in haze, Beijing, China, Jan. 15, 2013. A succession of heavily polluted days hit Beijing, prompting the government to issue a first-ever orange warning. Heavy pollution and poor visibility led to the cancelation of flights, and several schools banned all outdoor activities. Air quality improved from dangerous to unhealthy on a sixth day of thick, grey skies that limited visibility and sent people to hospital with breathing difficulties. It is clear that smoke fog in big cities is usual, which means that level of pollution is very high. Finally, creatures are also things that air pollution impacts on. Like human, animals are also suffering from the problem. Although the number of creatures in cities is not more than that in rural areas or somefield like that, we can see that the quantity is being declining regularly. Moreover, acid rain caused toxic factors also ruin the development of plants, sometimes buildings.etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2.2.What causes air pollution Following by Nicky LaMarco, eHow Contributor, there are some main causes of air effluence.To begin with, Cars, trucks, jet airplanes and other combustion engine vehicles cause air pollution. The exhaust from these contains carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and gaseous oxide. This type of air pollution creates smog (as seen in Los Angeles) which causes respiratory health problems and holes in the ozone layer, which increases the exposure to the suns harmful rays. In addition to vehicles, factories, office buildings, homes and power-generating stations burn fossil fuels, which cause air pollution. The burning of oil and coal (fossil fuels) also contributes to smog. This air pollution destroys plants, damages buildings and creates oxidation on iron. Petroleum refineries also release hydrocarbons and various particulates that pollute the air. Secondly, some power lines are not insulated and are high voltage. This creates air pollution. Moreover, pesticides used to kill indoor and outdoor pests, insecticides used to kill insects and herbicides use to kill weeds all cause air pollution. Radioactive fallout is also a factor that causes air pollution from the nuclear energy dispersed, which is a dust. The final causes are that sick building syndrome (SBS) is the term used when there is indoor air pollution. This happens when there is not enough ventilation to disburse the toxic fumes from new carpet, paint and/or cleaning chemicals that are used indoors. Mold can also cause SBS and Mills and plants, include paper mills, chemical plants, iron mills, steel mills, cement plants and asphalt plants, release emissions into the air causing air pollution. 2.3.How do we deal with this problem? Air pollution is a huge problem around the world. The good news is that there are many air pollution solutions. The bad news is that it will take making changes in our way of living and in our choices to make a difference. This can be the most difficult part of being good to environment, making changes. There are ways that you can help become an air pollution solution rather than an air pollution problem. Fossil fuels dont burn cleanly, so using them for heating contributes to air pollution. Building more energy efficient buildings will reduce the need to burn fossil fuel for heating. Using better filters for the exhaust is another good option for controlling air pollution. The different modes of transportation are some of the largest contributors to air pollution. This includes the use of cars, buses, trucks, trains, planes, ships, and other vehicles. Alternative fuels are available, but it will be awhile before they are widely used. The different modes of transportation release several different pollutants into the air, including nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, in addition to other particulates. These pollutants mix with natural elements in the air to create smog, nitrogen dioxide, and other environmental concerns that help to contribute to global warming. In addition to fossil fuels burned in vehicles, there are other pollutants that dirty our air. The friction of tires against the driving surface causes both the tire and the surface to deteriorate, and the result is particulates that enter the air for us to breathe. Whether you live in the city or the country, this type of pollution is a reality. The resulting pollution is more obvious and serious in the city because of the high number of vehicles on the road, but its a problem in the country too. Magnesium chloride, used to deice roads in the winter and to manage dust and ruts on dirt roads, is another air pollutant we havent come to terms with. Have you noticed, for those of you living in areas where its used, that the trees and bushes along the side of the road are dying? Some of that is due to the salt concentration at their roots, but some of it is also due to the fumes given off by the application of the solution and of the pollution of vehicles driving on the mag chloride coated road. There have to be other ways to deice roads and control dust and ruts that wont be as polluting. Synthetic fabrics rely on fossil fuels for their manufacturing, and that causes air pollution. Organic cotton is a better solution than non-organic cotton because the chemicals used on cotton to control weeds and posts gets into the air and causes health problems. Fabric dyes also pollute the air we breathe, so buy fabric dyed with organic substances that have a lower impact on the environment and the air you breathe. Even the finishes put on fabrics to make them fire resistant, wrinkle-free, and stain resistant contribute to air pollution. Start incorporating alternative fuels, especially of renewable resources like solar, water, and geothermal, for heating and cooling into buildings, new and existing. Use cleaner fuel sources for transportation. Instead of driving your car, walk where possible, ride your bicycle, and use mass transit as much as possible to help reduce air pollution. Buy items made of natural and organic fabrics cotton, bamboo, soy, and modal being some possibilities. Avoid fabric finishes that pollute the air. Your clothes, bedding, towels, upholstery and carpets are all subject to these finishes that foul your air and endanger your health. Use low VOC paints and finishes. The furniture, carpets and other flooring choices, and wall surfaces we tend to have today pollute the air often worse than burning fossil fuels. Using energy wisely in your home and office is also important. Energy efficient appliances, light bulbs, and more moderate room temperatures help reduce your energy consumption, which helps decrease the need for energy production, not only contribute the air pollution solution but also reduce your electric and energy bills. The thing about air pollution solutions is that you have to be willing to change your approach to life and the choices you make. You need to research ways that you can help decrease air pollution. Not all solutions work for all people in all areas, so find out what your alternatives are. You will be surprised by the things that you do everyday that contribute to air pollution. From hairspray to spray paint to driving your car, everything has an impact on the environment and the air we breathe. That is why it is so important that everyone do their part, no matter how small a contribution, to discontinue being air pollution problems and start being air pollution solutions. 3.Conclusion Much is being done to control, monitor and rectify damage done by pollutants. The problems are diverse and some are only being recognised but it is important to keep a close control over pollutants so that we can maintain the environment in an acceptable condition for future generations. We need to take pollution issue seriously because ignorance is certainly not the proper way to go. The stakes are really high and world needs to wake up and start acting right now because environmental issues are constantly growing in both number and size. Arent we aware of the different problems occurring in our nature, especially in different bodies of water? We, humans are only creating problems that consequently we will also carry the burden of these problems. We all know how important environment is .Act right now.

Modernisme in de architectuur

Modernisme in de architectuur Inleiding Het modernisme in de architectuur, dat zijn ontstaan vond rond de jaren 20 van vorige eeuw, maakt vandaag de dag duidelijk deel uit van de architectuurgeschiedenis en is op deze manier deel van de traditie die zich onbewust voortzet in ons denken over architectuur. De kerngedachte van het modernisme is echter samen met zijn grootste pionier, Le Corbusier, gestorven. Het modernisme is een belangrijke inspiratiebron geweest voor verscheidene denkers in architectuur en daarbuiten. Omdat ze voor een radicale breuk zorgde met de bestaande traditie in het denken over architectuur en het realiseren van ideeà «n. Maar na onderzoek te verrichten binnen het modernisme, blijkt er een verschil te zijn tussen het schoolse voorbeeld van modernisme en de toepassing op woningen. Zo vindt men de basis ideologie wel terug, maar hanteert men in woningen zachtere en voorzichtigere toepassingen. pDe kerngedachte van het modernisme stond haaks op wat de overblijfselen van de 19de eeuwse architectuur, die zich vooral richtte op de faà §aden van woningen, ons toont. Er was niet veel sprake van leef- en woonkwaliteit, en de modernisten trachtten hierin een verandering te brengen, het interieur moest als een woonmachine beschouwd worden. Hierbij krijgt het functionele karakter voorrang op de vorm, waarbij licht, lucht en zicht vooropgesteld werd. Ontwerpers verlaten het ornament en zoeken naar eenvoud en eerlijkheid. Sobere en geometrische vormgeving wordt verwezenlijkt door het gebruik van moderne materialen. Op vlak van interieur betekende dit vooral dat er meer open ruimtes gecreà «erd werden, muren worden weggelaten, elektrisch licht die vanuit techniek omgezet wordt naar vormgeving. Inbouwmeubilair werd niet langer beschouwd als een meubel, maar nam plaats in als onderdeel van de ontworpen ruimte. Nog een belangrijke aanpassing was een eigen voordeur als onderdeel van de identiteit van elke woning, wat voorheen niet gebruikelijk was. Het modernisme diende als inspiratiebron op gebied van vormentaal, werkwijze en materialen in de latere stromingen. Vele van deze stromingen zijn echter een zwak afstammeling van wat het modernisme voor de architectuur betekend heeft. Wat de modernisten vaak verweten wordt, is dat de ruimtes die ze verwezenlijkten niet bestemd waren om in te wonen. De oorzaak is volgens ons te vinden bij de oorsprong van hun inspiratie. Modernisten hanteerden principes die afgeleid waren van gebouwen die de tand des tijd doorstaan hebben. Zo vond Le Corbusier zijn typologie uit tempels, die voor hem zuiverheid voorstelden. Ook Mies Van der Rohe tekende ruimtes die een meerwaarde bieden, maar die niet gebouwd zijn met de noden van een samenleving in het achterhoofd. Ze zijn het product van een denken, en zijn dus logischerwijze ook een product van de tijd waarin Mies van de Rohe leefde. Maar anderzijds wilde hij zich bezighouden met de architectuur op zich, en niet met de fenomenen die zich aandienden in de maatschappij. Zijn architectuur is op een bepaalde wijze volmaakt en correct, en net daarom wordt ze onbewoonbaar. Le Corbusier, echter, hield er geschriften op na waaruit zijn diepgaande interesse in de maatschappij bleek en de mate waarin zijn architectuur in die maatschappij voluit kon functioneren. Standaardisatie is, kort omschreven, wat Le Corbusier propageerde een kleine honderd jaar geleden. En dit is juist de paradox van het modernisme. Enerzijds brengt het vernieuwing teweeg, gesteund door idealisme dat onze grenzen verlegt. Maar eenmaal die vernieuwing voor weelde zorgt, verdwijnt het idealisme. De vernieuwing verspreidt zich niet meer, maar evolueert ter plaatse. Een belangrijke zijstroming van het modernisme, is het functionalisme, ook wel het Nieuwe Bouwen genoemd. Deze term wordt in de Nederlandse architectuurgeschiedenis gehanteerd tussen 1925 en 1940 voor modernistische architectuur binnen Nederland. Het gaat niet noodzakelijk om een nieuwe bouwstijl, maar eerder een nieuwe bouworganisatie, die een antwoord moest bieden aan de economische en demografische schaalvergroting, die problematisch bleek in die tijd. De aanhangers van het modernisme waren er van overtuigd dat de stijgende bevolkingsdensiteit niet langer kon gehuisvest worden, indien men bleef vasthouden aan de gebruikelijke manier van bouwen. Standaardisatie en schaalvergroting stonden centraal bij het functionalisme. De voorgestelde oplossingen bleken echter radicaal. Ze richtten zich op collectieve bouw, met praktische indeling, comfort en licht. De publieke ruimte werd voorzien van parken en pleinen. Ontwerpers trachtten de confrontatie met de straat, die in hun ogen te direct was, te veranderen. Zonlicht en natuur dienden de agressiviteit van de straten te verzachten. Naar woningen toe werd dit uitgebreid door ruim verglaasde gevels te plaatsen. Zadeldaken, schoorstenen en donkere gevels werden vervangen door pleisterwerk, glas- en metaalconstructies. In de ogen van modernisten waren dit, stuk voor stuk, nederige materialen die waardevol bleken vanwege de inherente schoonheid van hun lijnvoering en vormgeving die ze teweeg brachten.1 De gebouwen hadden een zwaar uiterlijk, maar stonden dankzij staal- en gewapend betonconstructies verheven boven het straatniveau. Architecten die tot het Nieuwe Bouwen gerekend werden, vonden steun bij het Bauhaus en Le Corbusier. Ze groepeerden zich in de 8 en Opbouw, waaronder Van Eesteren, B. Bijvoet, J. Duikers, W. Van Tijen, J.J. Van Loghem, J.J.P. Oud, J.A. Brinkman en L.C. Van der Vlught. Deze laatste twee hebben de Van Nellefabriek in Rotte rdam verwezenlijkt en zijn zeker noemenswaardige architecten binnen deze stijl. Wat ze voor ons in deze essay belangrijk maakt, zijn hun bewoonbare woontypologie. Een van die huizen is het inmiddels gerestaureerde woonmuseum Huis Sonneveld. Het huis Sonneveld is ondertussen een boegbeeld geworden voor het Nieuwe Bouwen. Huis Sonneveld Om het modernisme in zijn totaal beeld beter te begrijpen, leek het ons het beste een concreet voorbeeld te bespreken en hierin alle aspecten van het tijdsbeeld duidelijk te maken. De verwezenlijking dat ons hiervoor uitermate geschikt leek, is het reeds eerder vermelde huis Sonneveld. Sonneveld is gelegen aan de Jongkindstraat nabij het museumpark in Rotterdam. De woning werd omstreeks 1933 ontworpen door het architectenbureau Brinkman en Van der Vlugt. Zij hadden eveneens de fabriek ontworpen voor Albertus Sonneveld. Deze laatste was zodoende tevreden dat hij een verzoek deed om zijn woning ook te ontwerpen. A. Sonneveld was een vicedirecteur van de Van Nellefabriek in Rotterdam. Door zijn reizen naar Amerika wist hij wat er zich afspeelde op gebied van hygià «ne, luxe en comfort. Van zijn functionalistische architecten verwachte hij ook niet anders dan dat dit ook werd toegepast op zijn woning. De opdrachtgever was gefascineerd door technologie die het dagelijkse leven kon vereenvoudigen. Huis Sonneveld wordt gekenmerkt door gesamtkunstwerk. De betrokken architecten hebben weliswaar niet alles zelf ontworpen, maar waren bij elk aspect van de woning betrokken. Op deze manier hebben ze doorheen het hele gebouw hun stempel opdrukken. De woning wordt gekenmerkt door licht, lucht en ruimte. De vaststelling bleek duidelijk door het kijken naar de architectuur, het kleurgebruik en het interieur met modernistisch meubilair. Als we enkel naar het exterieur van het gebouw kijken, merken we veel gelijkenissen op met de bekendere architect, Le Corbusier. Huis Sonneveld werd opgebouwd uit drie bouwlagen met bovenop een dakterras. De voor- en achtergevel zijn witgepleisterd en bevatten bandramen om een relatie te creà «ren tussen binnen en buiten. Le Corbusier ontwierp woonmodules gelijkaardig aan waaruit deze woning is opgebouwd. De woonmodules worden op elkaar gestapeld en men tracht de buitenwereld binnen te halen. Vandaag is er niet veel meer van te merken, aangezien de natuurlijke omgeving in Rotterdam heeft plaatsgemaakt voor een museumpark. De toegepaste panoramavensters, het dakterras, de witte gevel en een vrij plan, vinden we ook reeds terug in de pijlers van Le Corbusier. Om een vrij plan te verzekeren werd een staalskelet toegepast. Betonvloeren verzekerde grotere overspanningen, waarbij men de aftekening van de bekisting in sommige ruimtes nog zichtbaar liet. Er wordt gespeeld met een verbinding tussen binnen en buiten, deels door een accurate toepassing van glas, anderzijds door open elementen te hanteren. Alle vertrekken staan in directe toegang met de tuin of de verscheidene terrassen. Deze verbinding geeft dat de woning verlengd wordt van het interieur naar buiten toe. De ruime en talrijke buitenruimtes bieden lucht en ruimte aan het geheel. Behalve de woning, werd ook de tuin en het volledige interieur ontworpen door de architecten Brinkman en Van der Vlugt. Beschrijving ontwerp De ideologie van het modernisme, het Nieuwe Bouwen, is duidelijk terug te vinden in het interieur van Huis Sonneveld. Zo werd er gebruik gemaakt van materialen die het tijdperk kenmerken. In de woning treffen we betonnen vloeren, stalen kolommen en stalen kozijnen aan. Die kozijnen zijn inmiddels tijdens de restauratie vervangen door aluminium kozijnen. Door de toepassing van een stalen skeletbouw werd de woning vrijgesteld van dragende wanden. Zoals het werd voorgedaan door Le Corbusier, werd de binnenruimte ingedeeld met een vrij plan en bandramen, die een overvloedige lichtinval verzekeren. Het platte dak biedt een plaats voor het dakterras. Van de drie bouwlagen, is de begane grond van het huis de enige die geen woonfunctie bevatte, vergelijkbaar met Villa Savoie van Le Corbusier dat enkele jaren voordien werd opgeleverd. Op dit niveau bevond zich de inkom, een garage en de dienstenvertrekken. Ook bevond zich hier de studeerruimte van de dochters Sonneveld. Aan de benedenverdieping te zien, is het duidelijk dat het hier om een kapitaalkrachtig gezin ging. De twee bedienden die steeds aanwezig waren in de woning beschikten over een eigen slaapkamer en een bescheiden leefruimte, afgescheiden van de werkgevers. Deze verdieping onderscheidt zich van de bovenliggende verdiepingen die de woning huisvesten van de familie Sonneveld. Men ontving gasten in de hal, waarna deze via de trap naar de woonvertrekken van het gezin kon worden geleid. Deze brede trap is bekleed met zwart marmer, waar rubber op stroken is bevestigd om het geluid te dempen. De trap draait als een schroef door het hele huis. De centrale as is open en de glanzend chromen leuningen werken als feestelijke serpentines, die de vorm begeleiden. Voor het personeel was er een apart trappenhuis voorzien om zich in alle bescheidenheid over de verdiepingen te begeven. Deze stond in directe verbinding met de keuken en een elektrische lift voor de afgeleverde goederen. Men had echt nagedacht over circulatie, privacy en voornamelijk technologie. De indeling van deze verdieping werd open opgevat. De ontwerper concipieerde een leefniveau met vloeiende overgangen. Men kiest voor een enkele leefruimte te ontwerpen, waarbinnen alle handelingen kunnen gebeuren, maar waarbij men steeds opteert de connecties van andere functies te betrekken. Echter blijkt wel dat er hier een beetje voorzichtig werd omgesprongen met die openheid. Er is namelijk een afscheidende schuifwand aanwezig. Hierin onderscheidt het Huis Sonneveld zich wel met het modernisme in vergelijking met Le Corbusier, waarbij meer gedurfd wordt te experimenteren met het vrije plan. Aan de andere kant kan dit ook toespelen op de discussie, i.v.m. de leefbaarheid van het modernisme. De schuifwand scheidt namelijk de woonkamer af van de bibliotheek en de eetkamer, waardoor binnen het gezin een soort van privacy kan gegarandeerd worden. De meubels die in deze ruimte zijn geplaatst, werden door de architecten en de opdrachtgever uitgekozen via een catalogus van Gispen Dat voor A. Sonneveld technische voorzieningen een vereiste was, is eerder al vermeld. Maar wat opmerkelijk blijft, is de doorgedrevenheid van die technische voorzieningen. Zo zou de woning vandaag nog steeds beschouwd kunnen worden als een luxewoning. Een ingebouwde luidspreker verbond tien telefoontoestellen, voor de communicatie binnenshuis. Twee andere telefoontoestellen verzorgde communicatie met de buitenwereld. De goederenlift die zich naast de openhaard bevond, werd gebruikt om hout vanuit de kelder naar boven aan te voeren. De keuken werd op alle manieren als een laboratorium beschouwd. De oorspronkelijke aankleding van de keukenkastjes bestond uit stalen deurtjes, die nadien bij restauratie vervangen werden door houten panelen. Ook de aparte circulatie van het dienstpersoneel doet dit vermoeden. Vanuit de keuken kon eten worden doorgegeven via een luik naar de eetkamer toe. Op de bovenste verdieping, bevonden zich de grote slaapkamer, kleedkamer en badkamer van de ouders evenals de slaapkamers en aparte badkamer van de dochters. In deze badkamer waren een ligbad, een toilet en twee wastafels beschikbaar. Ook was er een logeerkamer en een linnenkamer aanwezig. Op het dak werd er ook een dakterras voorzien. Maar ook op de eerste en tweede verdieping waren buitenruimten gecreà «erd, onder de vorm van balkons. De slaapkamers van de dochters waren beiden ingericht met identieke meubels en hier zijn ingebouwde kasten een deel van het geheel. De dochters bezaten elk over een eigen balkon. Aan de andere kant van de gang van deze verdieping bevond zich de riante slaapkamer van de ouders. Deze bezat aan twee zijden een buitenterras. Vanuit de ruime slaapkamer was ook een eigen badkamer bereikbaar voor de ouders. Deze badkamer symboliseerde in de jaren 30 de apotheose van het modernisme. Ze was ruimer dan de andere badkamer, bezat eveneens een ligbad. Een ultramoderne Amerikaanse douche vervolledigde het tijdsbeeld. De douche bezat 1 grote douchekop en werd aangevuld met 9 massagesproeikoppen. Vernieuwingen in materialen In het huis werd moeite noch geld gespaard om de nieuwste materialen en technieken voor te stellen. In tegenstelling tot donkere parketvloeren met handgemaakte tapijten, vindt men hier vloeren uit linoleum en rubber. De leidingen werden doordacht weggestoken in schachten, die soortgelijk waren aan hedendaagse leidingschachten. Deze detaillering werd nagedaan van fabrieksontwerpen. Behalve de studeerkamer van de dochters, werd er in elke kamer een linoleum of rubberen vloer gelegd. Dit materiaal was in die tijd vrij duur en werd tot dan doe enkel geplaatst in ziekenhuizen, vanwege zijn hygià «nische kenmerken. Linoleum is ook niet vochtdoorlatend en werd naar onderhoud toe geà «xalteerd door gebruikers. De bewoners bevonden dit materiaal eerder kaal en ongezellig. Er werd daarom geopteerd om de ruimte aan te kleden met een warmer materiaal, dat een leefbaarder antwoord bood. Moderne tapijten bleken de geschiktste aankleding. Het meubilair en de verlichting werden door Gispen ontworpen. Meestal ging het over een meubelstuk dat verkrijgbaar was in de bestaande handel van Gispen, maar sommige meubels werden aangepast aan de visie van de architecten. Gispen begon al in een vroeg stadium van het modernisme te experimenteren met moderne verlichting. Hij stelde zijn lampontwerpen samen uit zuivere vormen. Liefst waren zijn creaties zuiver geometrisch opgebouwd, zoals van een modernist werd geacht. De buislampen, die reeds veel weg hebben van TL-lampen, in Huis Sonneveld, zijn van de hand van Gispen. Zijn bewondering voor de buisstoelen van Marcel Breuer, zorgde ervoor dat hij zelf begon te experimenteren met buismeubelen. In 1928 startte de productie van zijn stalen buismeubelen. De stalen buismeubelen paste door vormgeving, functionaliteit en transparantie bij het Nieuwe Bouwen. Door met een minimum aan materiaal een stoel te ontwerpen werd een open structuur verkregen. Verder maakte een minimalisering van stoffering, glanzende chroomafwerking en de toepassing van transparante tafelbladen, het mogelijk om de meubels seriematig te produceren. De serieproductie gaf ook aanleiding om het produceren van een catalogus, waardoor nieuwe meubels toegankelijker werden voor het grote publiek. Het algemene devies ven het Nieuwe bouwen: licht, lucht en ruimte werd hier wel gealterneerd in een luxe uitvoering ervan: sfeer, hygià «ne en comfort.2 Kenmerken die A. Sonneveld eiste. Het totaalconcept moest ook kloppen en men ging zelfs zo ver dat er ook serviesgoed en glazen speciaal werden ontworpen. Kleurgebruik Het kleurgebruik werd voor de restauratie geanalyseerd om de juiste kleuren te kunnen weergeven, aangezien de tijd ervoor had gezorgd dat kleuren vervaagden of overschilderd werden. Het kleurenprogramma van Huis Sonneveld werd ontworpen door kunstenaar Bart van der Leck. Volgens de restauratiearchitect, Joris Molenaar, kan het kleurgebruik opgedeeld worden in drie zones. De eerste zone was de woonkamer, de tweede zone betrof de eetkamer en studio en de laatste zone bestond uit de dienstenvertrekken. De woonkamer met bijhorende bibliotheek werd uitgebeeld in aardtinten. Bruin, brons en beige waren de aangenamere versies van het puristische wit, waar door modernisten zo graag naar werd gegrepen. Elk detail van deze ruimte werd door een kleurenschema bepaalt, zo zijn de gordijnen, de tapijten en zelfs de schuifwand in diezelfde kleuren. De bekleding van de meubels steekt een beetje meer af ten opzichte van de sobere ruimte, maar blijven steeds binnen hetzelfde thema. De volgende kleurgroep spreidt zich over de eetkamer en de studio. In tegenstelling tot het vorige kleurenschema, waar de kleuren aan elkaar aangepast waren, domineren de kleuren de ruimte hier. Primaire kleuren confronteren de pasteltinten die aanwezig zijn. Tenslotte werden de dienstvertrekken uitgevoerd in beige met als accentkleur dieprood. Op de gangen wordt datzelfde beige gecombineerd met gele deurvlakken. In elk aspect van het huis is even modern en conceptueel opgevat, zo werd er opgemerkt dat de kleedkamer van de ouders en de badkamer van de dochters afweek van het kleurenschema. De kleedkamer werd uitgevoerd in appelgroen. De badkamer van de meisjes werd dan weer bekleed met bolle tegeltjes in een pastelgroen. Deze twee vertrekken lijken eerder Art Nouveau dan Modernisme.

Why Athletes Choke in the Big Games? :: essays research papers

All sports fans have heard athletes comment that they â€Å"choked† or just couldn’t win the big game. The topic that will be addressed in this paper deals with the outcome of sporting events and why athletes continue to choke during and at the end of extremely important competitions. Baumeister (1992) found that â€Å"the choking reflex can be attributed to psychoneuromuscular influences†(p.3). My interest in the subject comes from being a big sports fan and a former athlete. And also from hearing people make comments such as, Scott Norwood and the entire Buffalo Bills football team are â€Å"chokers†. They can’t even win one Super Bowl in four tries. Barry Bonds can’t get one hit in the playoffs and thinks he’s the best baseball player ever. At the end of this paper you will be able to see why coaches and players go through these rough situations and what they can do to prevent them from happening again. In golf, â€Å"choking† is known as the â€Å"yips† and is defined as a psychoneuromuscular impediment of the execution of the simplest of tasks (Smith, 2000, p. 1). Adler (2003) defined the â€Å"yips† as a motor phenomenon of involuntary movements affecting golfers (p. 1). â€Å"Yips† is believed to be acquired through the deterioration of motor pathways via the basal ganglia. In some players it results from severe performance anxiety. This means that when a high level of stress and physiological arousal is present the â€Å"yips† start to show up. Basic patterns of the â€Å"yips† include sweaty palms, uncontrollable jerks, and anxiety. These symptoms continue to repeat themselves until the person that is affected learns to deal with these situations. These problems can influence quality of performance and even result in decreased playing time. â€Å"Yips† can also lead to the use of both alcohol and drugs as a coping adjacent. (Adl er, Crews, Wharen, & Laskowski 2003). Many of the best golfers in the world have had to experience this including Ben Hogan. Hogan said, â€Å"The difference between competitive golf and pleasure golf is like the difference between ice hockey and tennis† (Wertz, 86, p.

Media Violence and its Effect on Children Essay -- Youth Kids TV

media violence and its effects on children Introduction Communications technology is expanding through the entire global community (Dyson 2). Children everywhere are being born into a world of images and messages, which are largely separated from their home, school and spiritual lives (Dyson 2). In society today storytellers are seldom parents, grandparents, teachers or the clergy; instead they are the handful of distant forces with something to sell (Dyson 2). What is unique about the media industry is that in global and corporate domination they have become part of our culture as well as our identity (Dyson 3). Social scientists and child advocates have been exploring the effects of media for decades, yet it is only recently that the concern has generated a public debate (Bok 3). Historical Disagreements concerning the effect of violence revealed in works of art and entertainment have resonated over the centuries (Bok 41). We must ask ourselves whether or not our versions of entertainment exhibits anymore violence then past forms of rec reation, for example gladiatorial games or public hangings (Bok 23). Plato viewed human life as a pilgrimage from the appearance to reality (Bok 41). He also believed that a piece of art had to be strictly censored when they depicted any form of evil and cruelty (Bok 41). When an artist imitated what was bad, they add to the sum of badness in the world (Bok 41). Both Plato and Aristotle pointed out, we as humans do find delight in representations of objects and emotions that would consider different from real life; most of us agree with Aristotle in refusing to believe that they are corrupt (Bok 41). The Romans remain the prototype for violent entertainment at its most extreme (Bok 17). It was a culture, which sanctioned tradition, foreign conquest was a domestic culture, and weapons were easily available (Bok 17). The treatment of newborns and slaves within the home extended to crucifixions and other brutal punishments (Bok 17). Though on a whole the Romans did not criticize their choice of entertainment, one philosopher, Seneca, did. To exhibit the slaughter of eighteen elephants in the Circus, pitting criminals against them in a mimic battle [and] thought it a notable kind of spectacle to kill human beings after a new fashion. Do they fight to the death? That is not enough! Are they torn to pieces? That is not Eno... ...103). In regard to the effects of media violence on children and young adults, such works challenge our instinctive denial of our most primative layers of fear and aggression (Bok 28). Bibliography Works Cited and Consulted Bok, Sissela. Mayhem. Massachusetts: Perseus Books. 1998. Dyson, Rose A. Mind Abuse:Media Violence in an Information Age. Montreal: Black Rose Books. 2000. Herr, Kathryn G., ed. Rating Electronic Games:Violence is in the Eye of the Beholder. Ohio: Sage Publications Inc. 1993. Ledingham, Jane E. The Effects of Television on Children. Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence and Prevention Division. 1993. Leone, Bruce. Violence in the Media. San Diego: Greenhouse Press. 1995. Morse, Jodie. "Ne year Later: Can We prevent another Columbine?." [www.newsweek.com] 24 April 2000. Rosenblatt, Roger. "Works of the Trench Coat". [www.newsweek.com] 2000. Russell, Nick. Morals and the Media: Ethics in Canadian Journalism. Vancouver: UBC Press. 1995. Singer, Benjamin D. ed. Communications in Canadian Society. Toronto: International Thomson Pub. 1995. Smith, Nigel. Violence in Society. Turin: Wayland Publishers Limited.1995.

Cause and Effect of Sleep deprivation Essay

I am a firm believer that many factors such as our culture, our upbringing, and beliefs that we were introduced to all affects what we do, how we live and even what we eat! People in China, Vietnam and Switzerland have been known to eat dogs for thousands of year, some as a source of survival during war and famine while others eat it as a cuisine meaning it is a part of their regular diet! I’ve even read somewhere that people in China have been known to say that a huge reason they consume dog meat is to keep them warm in the harsh winters! Have they heard of a jacket and hot coco? They don’t see it any different from eating cows and pigs, but someone like me thinks that is disgusting! I see people all the time whose treat their dog as their best friend, I’ve heard that when you begin to grow attached to your dog you soon see them as people. I could never imagine it being okay to eat a dog! Functionalism has a lot to do with this also when you come to think of it. This tradition has been the norm in these places for years! It wasn’t until recently that proposed laws have been presented to implement a law that bans the eating of cats and dogs. Americans are truly the people of the land of the free and are strong believers that a dog is a mans best friend, in my opinion. Beating, not feeding, and mistreating dogs are all violations of the law, neglect, and animal abuse! I could not even imagine hearing a story of someone eating one! It is common knowledge here that dogs are like people and should be treated as such and so they are not put on a dinner plate, at least the way I view things. I strongly feel that our individual believes and knowledge is the reason we eat what we eat, they are culturally relative in more ways that one. This definitely is a beautiful thing as everyone can be their own person and act how they feel but this causes cultural diversity conflict all the time! Take this scenario for instance; two people are meeting for a blind date and obviously know nothing about one another. It becomes time to order and the woman is disgusted by the menu because everything is meat and fat of the meat from some type of animal, see, she’s vegetarian. The woman loves animals and does not believe in eating them and this sparks a conversation. Do you think it’s a good one as her date has already ordered the number four, which is the half slab of baby back ribs with chicken shish kabobs, and a side of pork rings? I can imagine that she stormed out of there after giving him a good lecture. Though her actions are understandable they aren’t quite right. Ethnocentrism would be the perfect would to explain that situation! The woman thinks that he beliefs are the right ones and that the man is wrong for eating what he loves to eat! Ethnocentrism is when you believe that your culture, your beliefs are better than everyone else’s and only yours make sense! This is a big reason there is conflict within cultures. Instead of using cultural relativism and trying to understand others point of view or even just accepting it as their choice we fight for what we think is the right way, the only way. Interactionism helps us understand that our mind plays a role in our how what our body does including why we eat or don’t eat what we eat. I love dogs, so I would vomit at the thought of eating one. However, once again this doesn’t mean I should hate someone that eats it as a dish at home. Being open and understanding can truly help because just as the conflict theory states that there is a power struggle between cultures, these cultures have the power to become knowledgeable of one another and ultimately obtain culture relativism.

National Security and Free Press Essay

The adage of lore is verity is the impact media has regarding national protection and the demurrers response to media. Since John F. Kennedys assignation, through with(predicate) the Vietnam War, OPERATION Desert Storm to the present, passel are fascinated with real-time media nurture for current events this information is truth in the habituals eyes. President supplys ending to place military man in Somalia and President Clintons decision to remove troops from Mogadishu are national shelter ecisions made establish on public perception (Belknap, 2001, 1).The theme Security Council, consists of political officials, with the exception of the chiefs of lag military advisors these elected officials make decisions in the fill of national bail establish on public perception derived from unloose people press. Free press impacts national security measure by decisions based on public perception and the defending team should utilize free press to reveal benefits of military meet in relation to national security (Snow, 2006, 4).Imbedded public media deployed with our C-130 unit with the intent of advertisement a soldiers placement of combat operation. This made us sapidity our involvement is shared along with the greater media picture to give the public a more complete understanding of contend from tactical to strategic perspective. In the apply Lone Survivor, a Navvy varnish Team on an operation in Afghanistan let perception of civilian casualties the media would relay, arguing combat decisions to save military lives Lutrell, 2007, 232).This perception is the negative impact soldiers face these days. Media imbed within military operations exit relay to the public a tactical level perspective of the national security implications of free press. Overall, public opinion is captivated by free press national security decisions are influenced by public opinion. The DoD should utilize the freedom of press to influence public opinion in the interest of national security. Belknap, Margaret

Chemiluminescence

Chemiluminescence Professor Stewart CHM 151L-003 Group Members Melissa Spegal Jessica Buddi touch 19, 2013 Megan Cochran Professor Stewart Chemiluminescence March 19, 2013 Introduction The clinical of this lab was to carry out a systematic set of ladders in rule to determine which combination of chemicals produce the brightest and hour unyielding haunting blowzy, through chemiluminescence. Chemiluminescence can be defined as the emission of blowsy by a chemical chemical reaction that does not produce heat.Chemiluminescence can to a fault be piece in nature, where it is referred to as bioluminescence. This can often be found in many deep sea fish, algae, and fireflies. Luminol is angiotensin-converting enzyme of many chemicals that can be used to create chemiluminescence outside of nature. Scientists be very(prenominal) interested chemiluminescence because it could be very helpful in many actu each(prenominal)y life situations such as in raysticks. The military uses hi gh-grade twinklingsticks to gestate shine in field situations where electricity is not an option.Marine biologists and deep sea divers excessively use those glint sticks to provide elucidation and make new discoveries in the deeps of the sea or under peeing caves. During the chemiluminescence experiment the last was to produce light during a serial publication of attempts in locate to create light or a glow. In wander to do this systematically, all chemicals were used to take and as it became apparent that just about chemicals did not effect the outcome of certain efforts they were eliminated one at a time.Because the tryouts were done systematically from one to the next, only one gene of each runnel was changed at a time,making it easy to single out the delineate factors. There were many chemicals used during this experiment including Luminol, decolorise, DMSO, NaOH, HCl, and H2O2. On the reciprocal ohmond gearond solar day of runs, the Luminol was chilled to test the effects this would befuddle on the glow we obtained through chemical reactions. Results of Day 1 Table 1exam Luminol (D) decolourize (D) DMSO (D) 1M NaOH (D) 1M HCl H2O2 (D) Results A1 shadowiness 5* 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 orangeness color A2 wraith 10 2 5 1 10 4 10 3 10 5 Brown A3 refinement 5 2 5 1 FLASH yellowness A4 shadowiness 3 1 2 2 Slight pulse A5 wraith 5 3 5 2 5 1 * crummy A6 TAD 5 3 5 2 10 1 Less heartbeat B1 TAD 5 4 5 3 5 2 5 1 Flash B2 TAD 5 4 5 2 5 3 5 1 Flash B3 TAD 5 4 5 3 5 2 5 1 B4 TAD 5 4 5 3 10 2 5 1 meek consume B5 TAD 5 4 10 3 5 2 5 1 Blue news bulletin B6 TAD 5 4 10 2 5 1 5 3 2. 7 sec flash C1 TAD 5 3 11 2 5 1 5 4 Small down(p) flash later on bleach C2 TAD 3 4 10 1 5 2 5 3 3. 2 sec flash C3 TAD 5 4 10 1 5 2 5 3 Small glooming flash C4 TAD 3 4 5 1 10 2 5 3 4 seconds flash/glow C5 TAD 10 4 2 1 10 2 5 3 6 sec glow C6 TAD 10 4 10 1 10 2 10 3 24. sec glow D1 TAD 10 4 10 2 10 1 10 3 D2 TAD 10 4 3 1 10 2 5 3 Small flash D3 TAD 5 3 5 2 5 1 Small flash D4 TAD 1 4 10 1 5 2 1 3 Flash D5 TAD 2 1 10 2 10 3 D6 TAD 4 1 10 2 10 3 , Asterick ( * ) stirred Highlighted Order of perspective into the jail cell wells. The tad of Luminol was the initiative in every(prenominal) trial. (D) Drops Pink Highlighted Row scoop out Trial of the Day Results of Day 2 Table 2Trial Luminol (mL) blanching agent (D) DMSO (D) H2O2 (D) NaOH Results A1 TAD 10 4 10 1 10 3 10 2 Quick glow feel A2 1 1 5 2 5 3 5 2 glow A3 1 1 5 4 5 2 5 3 glow A4 1 1 5 3 10 2 glow A5 1 3 5 4 5 2 10 1 glow A6 1 1 5 3 5 2 glow B1 1 1 5 3 5 2 * long glow B2 1 1 5 4 5 2 5 3 * B3 1 1 5 3 5 2 * 36 sec glow B4 1 1 10 3 10 2 * 23 seconds B5 1 1 5 3 10 2 * keen but shorter B6 1 1 5 3 5 2 * C1 1 1 5 4 10 2 2 3 * C2 1 1 5 3 20 2 * 29 Secs C3 1 3 1 2 1 1 * Chilled *Stirred Highlighted Order of placement into the cell wells. The tad of Luminol was the first in every trial. Drops Pink Highlighted Row Best Trial of the Day Table 3 MSDS chemical Name Ingestion Skin turn over Disposal Inhalation Luminol Loosen clothing, if not breathing discharge talk to mouth recessitation. Do not induce vomit. lap up with lots of water. Cover skin with emollient. non Available Rest. Ventilate Area, seek medical exam attention. Bleach Drink Water. Do not induce vomiting. Wash skin with water for 15-20 minutes. Containerize and use absorbants on liquid. Remove, sweet-scented air. DMSO Loosen clothing, if not breathing perform mouth to mouth recessitation. Do not induce vomit. Wash with soap and water. savage container. Fresh air Discussion The dress hat trial of the experiement was on day two, trial B3. During that trial 1 mL stone-c old Luminol was used and added to the cell well first, followed by fin drops of DMSO, and five drops of bleach in that order. This was the best trial because it yielded the brightest and longest lasting glow compared to all of the opposites. On the trial before the same exact method acting was carried out except in that respect was enthalpy peroxide in the mix also. In order to change things up, the peroxide was eliminated and that turn out to be an effective tactic.It became blatently apparent that round of the chemicals were not unavoidable entirely including the NaOH, and HCL. By the trial B6, on the second da,y the HCL had been eliminated. atomic number 1 peroxide was never eliminated but it was noteworthy as in trial B3 on the second day that the longest trial was performed without it. Many factors affected the results of each trial, some definitely to a greater extent than others. For instance, for the entire first day, all trials were performed with the solid form of Luminol, and on the second day, starting with trial A2, the Luminol line of business solution was used. As reflected in the send back above, the stock solution created a a good deal longer glow on average.To furthur exposit the Luminols effect from trial B1 on day two, the Luminol stock solution was used in a chilled form which created the best results of both(prenominal) days as seen in trial B3. It also became apparent that stirring the chemicals helped husband the glow longer per trial C2 on day two. Luminol was the only chemical that was chilled, all other chemicals remained room temperature. The order of chemicals was an all important(p) factor in creating chemiluminescence as well. During the inception trials of the first day the best order to add the chemicals was not apparent, but by trial C4 one thing was certain, the luminol needed to be the first chemical placed in the well. In trial C3, when Luminol was added last, there was only a small blue flash with no linge ring glow at all.Also, by the second day, it was completed that the bleach was reacting with the Luminol and if the bleach was added last, the glow did not fizzle out as chop-chop such as in trial B4 on the second day, which had a 23 second glow, subsequently improving results on day two as remote to the first day. After completeing much more in-depth research on the topic of chemiluminescence other checmicals had been foun, that if the experiment was done over would have been requested, such as copper nitrate, which would have significantly extended the length of the glow. consequence Using 1mL of chilled Luminol stock solution, five drops of DMSO, and five drops of bleach, in that order and stirring at the end, the longest glow of 36 seconds was created as per trial B3 on day two. The bleach reacting with the Luminol gave a bright glow, and the DMSO aided in the length of time the trial glowed.