Annotated Bibliography Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-Up Strategies

Question: Discuss about theAnnotated Bibliography for Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-Up Strategies. Answer: Introduction Mail surveys is a method of information gathering by dispersing widely samples of the survey, that in comparison to other methods is relatively cheaper and is preferred to other methods of survey as (Fox Boardley, 1998) (i) there is elimination of bias from the interviewer, (ii) it allows checking of records by the respondents and (iii) the respondent has the flexibility of completing the survey on his own. It is for all types of the survey that mail surveys can be appropriate for, however, this is true for any kind of methods of survey. However, some commentators despite the advantages of a mail survey have dismissed mail survey out of hand, according to them there is a very low rate of response that is produced by this method. This statement, unfortunately, is widely accepted as a fact that mail surveys are unable to produce response rates that are respectable (Heerwegh Loosveldt, 2007). There are two unwanted consequences that have been caused due to the reluctance of some resea rchers in employing this method of survey due to this "restriction"; the others who use this method of survey on achieving 30% - 40% rate of response get delighted regarding the same mistaking this percentage to be a result which is excellent given the "restriction" that is there of this method (Kallis Giglierano, 1992). It is a myth the opinion that the mail surveys draw out per se a response rate that is low. There have been various studies that have been published which give evidence refuting the belief and in which methods have been described for achieving a rates routinely in mail survey response that vary between 60%-80% (see (MAYNARD, 1996), (Larson Chow, 2003), (Nass McIntire, 1969) and (Peterson, 1975) for reviews). These, however, are studies which have been published mostly in Britain and America and there might be chances that applicability of some of the methods is not possible in this country. This paper is based on the opinion of three article as follows: The first article by John J. Watson, Improving the Response Rate in Mail Research is based on "Business Week's Magazine's survey method and its preference for mail survey methods due it being cheaper and also there being an elimination of bias by the interviewer. There is the removal of geographical limitations as well as compared to when the survey has to be made in person. The article also describes in detail the method that had been used for conducting the research in which a selection of variables was given, and the best performing variable combination was used. The result described in this article due to the use of such method that the response rate was about 81%; The second article, Improving Response Rates in Disk-by-Mail Surveys, is with respect to the replacement of the traditional method of using pencil and paper mail surveys with a disk by mail questionnaire which is a more viable alternative. A respondent decision tree is presented by the author in which the survey process is identified from the perspective of the respondent, and a review is made of decisions effect which is made at various stages during the response rate process. There is also an insight in the article on the sources that have been published on the paper and pencil conventional survey, disk by disk mail survey case studies and experiments that are controlled, with techniques have been used in this article. The third article, A Response Rate Experiment Using Mail Questionnaires, is regarding the fact that despite there being various disadvantages that are there with respect to the mail survey response it is still an extremely valuable, due to mainly being able to collect information in large amounts for respondents that are dispersed at a cost that is relatively low. This article deals largely with the problems that are phased in the interview phase that is the second phase of the research after the questionnaire has been received by the respondent. Annotated Bibliography Watson, J. J.; (nd.) Improving the Response Rate on Mail Research, Journal of Advertising Research, pg. 48-50 This article describes the issue that is there when the response rate of a survey is low due to which it leads to lowering of confidence in the finding of the research or follow-up of studies are conducted which can be both times-consuming as well as costly for the bolstering of the research which was done originally. The article analyzes the issues that were faced by Business Weekly and its preference towards mail surveys. It also describes the method that Business Weekly used to ensure that a high response rate was achieved by it in the mail surveys. This article demonstrates the possibility of being able to increase with respect to mail surveys the rate of response without any time consuming or expensive follow-ups. Saltzman A.; (1993), Improving Response Rates in Disk-by-Mail Surveys, Marketing Research, Volume V, Issue 3, pg.-32-39 The ability of collecting data as compared to the traditional method has improved due to the development that has been there in the field of technology. There are various methods of information collection and the Disk by Mail surveys is one of them. The method of this technique is beginning with a questionnaire which using various software programs that are available in the market has been programmed into the disk. These are duplicated and sent to various respondents who will then sync these disks into their computers and respond the questions of the survey. This questionnaire which is completed is then returned vide mail to the researchers. The response that was received from this survey was more consistent then that received from the traditional methods. There are methods which the article describes which result in the response rate to become higher as well. Labrecque; P. David; (1978), "A Response Rate Experiment Using Mail Questionnaires", Journal of Marketing, pg. 82-83 This article indicates a study in which results indicate advantage that letters have with the signature of the owner as compared to the letters with the service providers' signature. This was done as research for improving the one of the three phases of the process of the survey by mail questionnaire which is when the questionnaire is actually received by the respondent being the second process. The article describes the method which is used in conducting a market survey in medium sized marina in New-England and the three methods used for mailing of the questionnaire were (a) personalization; (b) using stamps that are commemorative and (c) cover letter signatory. The article further goes on to enumerate the findings, Main effects and interaction and finally concluded with a discussion with respect of the advantage that each method had on the response rate of the survey. Reference List Fox, C. Boardley, K. (1998). Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-Up Strategies in Improving the Response Rate of Mail Surveys. Industrial Marketing Management, 27(2), 127-133. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0019-8501(97)00043-6 Heerwegh, D. Loosveldt, G. (2007). Personalizing E-mail Contacts: Its Influence on Web Survey Response Rate and Social Desirability Response Bias. International Journal Of Public Opinion Research, 19(2), 258-268. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edl028 Kallis, M. Giglierano, J. (1992). Improving mail response rates with express mail. Industrial Marketing Management, 21(1), 1-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501(92)90027-q Labrecque; P. David; (1978), "A Response Rate Experiment Using Mail Questionnaires", Journal of Marketing, pg. 82-83 Larson, P. Chow, G. (2003). Total cost/response rate trade-offs in mail survey research: impact of follow-up mailings and monetary incentives. Industrial Marketing Management, 32(7), 533-537. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0019-8501(02)00277-8 MAYNARD, M. (1996). EFFECTIVENESS OF 'BEGGING' AS A PERSUASIVE TACTIC FOR IMPROVING RESPONSE RATE ON A CLIENT/AGENCY MAIL SURVEY. Psychological Reports, 78(1), 204-206. https://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.204 Nass, G. McIntire, W. (1969). Improving Response Rates to Mail Questionnaires in Family Life Research. The Family Coordinator, 18(3), 240. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/581985 Peterson, R. (1975). An experimental investigation of mail-survey responses. Journal Of Business Research, 3(3), 199-210. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(75)90022-3 Saltzman A.; (1993), Improving Response Rates in Disk-by-Mail Surveys, Marketing Research, Volume V, Issue 3, pg.-32-39 Watson, J. J.; (nd.) Improving the Response Rate on Mail Research, Journal of Advertising Research, pg. 48-50

Slaves And Indentured Servants free essay sample

The lives of African slaves and the lives of European indentured servants were very different. African slaves were African and the Europeans treated them like animals. Although the European indentured servants were also treated badly, they were fellow Europeans and werent treated as bad. Indentured servants were freed after their period of duty and were paid to do their work. They werent captured to be indentured servants they were often lured. Slaves were taken by force and slavery went on indefinitely.One reason why the African slaves were different from the European indentured servants is obvious because the Africans were African and the Europeans were Europeans. Therefore, that changed many things since they were different races. Since Africans werent counted as people they didnt have any rights at all and they were owned by their master. They didnt have any living space so about ten slaves would stay in one room with absolutely no furniture. We will write a custom essay sample on Slaves And Indentured Servants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our beds were collections of straw and old rags, thrown down in corners and boxed in with boards, a single blanket the only covering, O says an African slave.When it was time for the slaves to be sold their buyers would put them on a block and say how healthy they were and examine their teeth as if they were animals to explain how much work they could do. However, the indentured servants were treated a bit differently because they were fellow Europeans. They had rights, a few, but some. They even could vote if their masters permitted them to do so. After their period of duty they were able to do everything that their masters could do.Indentured servants were bought and sold but they werent examined like they were animals as the slaves were. African slaves and indentured servants were also different because indentured servants were freed after their period of duty. After they worked from four to seven years they were freed and given land, clothing, corn, and hoes. They couldnt be held more than seven years. Even though their masters tried to keep them for a longer time by convicting them of impregnating a female servant, they eventually had to let them go African slaves were never freed.At times their masters would free them but most likely they were never freed, they had to do dull and repetitive work all their lives until they died of old age or were killed by their masters. And if they were freed they werent given anything, no land, no clothing, to start their new lives. Finally, indentured servants were not taken by force to get on the ship they were often lured. The spirits+ (people who recruited indentured servants) found the servants easily.They would bring the servants to dinner and give them lots of wine to get them drunk and when they were drunk the would have them to sign the papers. Also children would be lured on the ships by candy. When they got on the ships they got allowances of bread with little living space. On the other hand, African American slaves were seized by force and no papers were signed. We were alarmed one morning, just at the break of day, by the horrible uproar caused by the mingled shouts of men The village was surrounded by enemies, who attacked us with clubs, Eng wooden spears and bow and arrows. + says an African slave. Also when the Africans got on the ship they had a tiny bit of living space and were chained to the ships from their hands and feet. In conclusion the African slaves lives were different from the Indentured servants lives. The African slaves lives were a bit harsher, rougher, inhumane and that treatment went on longer. The indentured servants lives were a bit easier than the African slaves lives and ended within a certain period of time.

Cheat on Homework - What Are the Benefits of Cheating

Cheat on Homework - What Are the Benefits of Cheating Many people think cheating at school is a serious problem and only underachieving students resort to it. Those who do homework cheats are believed to have no future prospects since they acquire hardly any education because of such an approach. It is far from being true. In this post, we will talk about top 5 misconceptions about those who know how to cheat on homework. Read to know more about the questions that bother you. Why Do Students Cheat? If you are wondering why many people resort to cheating on homework, remember one of the reasons is their overloading with a large number of home assignments. Modern school children suffer from a huge load at school. Many pupils/students get tired; they can hardly do their home assignments. In some cases, this leads to the fact children ignore the tasks of the teacher or perform them partially. Person obtains low grades, starts to lag behind the program, and pays no mind on these assignments anymore. This is where cheating homework comes from. The tendency explains why many students learn how to cheat on homework. Common Beliefs on How to Cheat on Homework School children do not have a clear idea of what or how they study; they move away from the learning process and focus on getting a high grade. In order to keep the material in memory exactly before the test, students are preparing to the control and soon forget most of the learned. This negates the main task and importance of the control works. If you think cheating makes the situation worse, you are mistaken. When preparing homework cheats, a person exercises his creative skills and works with the material. This greatly contributes to the learning process. The main arguments against cheating at school are that it is unethical, cultivates bad habits, and improperly forms self-esteem through undeserved rewards. Such statements are far from the truth because all of them are out of context. ORDER PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE It is not only a trick to which people resort; this is something students should do. By cheating homework, students learn how to behave in the unexpected situations, under conditions of stress and frustration. They will need this skill in the future adult life. School repression against this approach is a fundamentally wrong way. It should be recognized as necessary and quite logical behavior in an organization where the rights are infringed. Penalties are one of the variations of the authoritarian regime. In a healthy society, people shame and ridicule those who force children to adapt to the environment where they are forced to find such tricks. Benefits of Cheating at School Cheating homework is one of the important skills that a pupil develops in an elementary school. It's easy for an adult, but very difficult for a child. Pupils should focus on writing letters, but at the same time, they should remember the whole word. In order to write down the text without errors, you need to be very attentive; be able not to be distracted; be focused on what you are doing; don’t rush, read, and memorize every word by letter; have a good enough memory, because the word must be remembered visually or by ear. It contributes to the development of the above skills. On the top of that, a pupil learns to differentiate and remember the most important information in a classroom. Such an approach develops good memory in a child and makes him search alternative ways of learning. Why Can Homework be considered Useless Harmful? Teachers strongly believe home assignments help students learn material and should be performed every day, without any neglects. Insight not always works. Home assignments have proven to be useless and even harmless in some cases. The American teacher Brandy Young decided to cancel home tasks for her class. This approach has been effective and comes up to expectations. But let’s discuss why homework can be harmful. Point #1 - Possible Damage to Health Many parents would agree with the statement since the constantly growing academic burden and stress are hitting children's health. Due to the high load, children sleep less. They sit up over the math textbooks late and worry about the grades; eventually, they have problems with the sleep. Myopia, gastritis, chronic fatigue, and posture disorders – it is not the full list of health problems modern students suffer from due to the overload at school. So, it is better to refuse from  home assignments and do something more useful, right? Affirmative answer will be a good solution. Point #2 - Time Consuming â€Å"Children are today busier than ever,† says Peter Gray, a professor at the Boston College. They spend excessive amount of time at school; they run to the tutors. On the way back, they attend another extra class/ classes; the schedule is tightly regulated; every hour is taken into account. Psychologist Harris Cooper conducted research that proved that tasks at home were not very effective. The student doesn’t have the required capacity to remember the information from all articles because he has already spent his intellectual/ physical resources on other activities. So what’s the sense of homework? Point #3 -   Does Not Affect Academic Performance Alfie Cohn, one of the main critics of modern education, wrote the book Myths about home assignments, where he said there is no connection between the number of home tasks and the achievements in studies. In high school, the relation between the two is weak. It almost disappears if more accurate measurement methods are used in the study; what’s the sense to require it? Point #4  - Can Spoil Relationships with Parents Many parents help their children to do home assignments. Although it sounds to be an effective practice that bonds family, it isn’t so. The school program has changed; the knowledge of parents has become obsolete. They cannot share it. Many parents themselves are not aware of simple examples from the school curriculum and try to carry out an academic assignment from the point of view of an adult. Children do not know how to handle it. Parents are not teachers. They do not know how to explain the material, to serve it correctly, and to check it. Working home assignments is a constant conflict. Children do not want to do it; parents do not know how to motivate, joint activities, and lead to a dead end. It results in quarrels. Cheating as a Solution Of course, it is hard to treat cheating a smart solution in the cases; there should be a balance. No correct answers can be here. It is sometimes true that a student simply has no time and strength to accomplish the home assignments assigned to him. This is where notes can solve the problem. Apart from saving precious time, it develops creative thinking, memory, and the ability to work/ think/ analyze under conditions of stress. What is more, cheating doesn’t mean that a student acquires no knowledge. This trick itself involves a close work with the studied material. Approach helps to find a balance between studying, having fun, and developing necessary skills. Searching a way to obtain professional assistance with home assignments, you can place an order on our website and receive plagiarism-free help via email.

Managing projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing projects - Essay Example 1). It involves how to be able to successfully carry out a task up to the end of its schedule set up by the project manager or client. It is managing an activity which can be about a project at work, school or home. Managing projects can be a deciding factor in the success of an organisation. In a manufacturing plant, production of goods cannot be successfully carried out without project management. Operations management deals with decision-making related to productive processes to ensure that the resulting products are produced according to specifications. In the field of education, project management is designing learning experiences that link practice and theory (Miller, 1991, cited in Falkenberg et al., 2000, p. 745). This essay deals with situations and guidelines for the success of a project by the project manager and his team. All projects involve a manager and a team who must work hand in hand up to its success. Managing projects is one of the most challenging tasks in organisations today. Since earlier times, people undertook projects as organised human activity. Early humans in primitive days conducted hunting activity as a means of searching and providing food for the community. This activity was conducted with a plan and a process. As civilizations began and progressed, projects became wider and complicated in scope; they involved more sophisticated machinery and complicated processes. Some of the big projects that we can recall are the Great Wall of China, the Great Canals, Suez and Panama, and other big projects involving buildings, structures, and bridges in the different parts of the world. (Frame, 2003, p. 1) In the 1900s, rapid industrialisation and demands of munitions production in World War I saw the emergence of management scientists and industrial engineers such as Elton Mayo and Frederick Winslow Taylor who studied people and productivity in factories. Henry Ford made production-line manufacture famous with his Model T

Critically discuss the challenges in balancing security and freedom in Essay

Critically discuss the challenges in balancing security and freedom in delivering an effective counter terrorism strategy in operational practice - Essay Example e against another person or another persons’ property; the violence (and threat thereof) employed therein is aimed partly at destabilizing (or maintaining) an existing political or social order, but mainly at publicizing the goals or causes espoused by the agents or by those whose behalf the agents acts; often, though not always, terrorism is aimed at provoking extreme counter- measures which will win public support for the terrorists and their goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The radicals associated to terrorism are not confined to any particular region or race; rather it entails an extensive influence of drastic nature globally. Due to this very severity, terrorism has caught attention of various bodies globally which aim to reduce this nuisance through counter-terrorism strategies. These strategies can be dully defined as, â€Å"Activities which are intended to prevent terrorists acts or to eradicate terrorists groups† (thefreedictionary.com, 2014). Another definition for such me thods is as follow; â€Å"Operations that include the offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, pre-empt and respond to terrorism. Also called CT† (US Department of Defense, 2005). Such strategies can be designed and implemented at regional, national and at inter-national levels (UNODC, 2009). Although, these instruments are aimed at enhancing the efforts to exterminate violence but more than often these strategies are often coupled with certain downsides or limitations, particularly the delivery and implementation of such counter terrorism activities in operational practice pose a variety of challenges in balancing security and freedom. A counter terrorism strategy is often designed in collaboration with certain other states or non-state actors, particularly if it is of inter-national level. One of the challenges which arise in such counter terrorism strategies is the conflict of interest. Globalization has increased the likelihood of conflict, involving failed-state and non state actors (The Strategic

Project procurement and risk management

Project procurement and risk management PROJECT PROCUREMENT AND RÄ °SK INTRODUCTION The management of the processes of purchasing or acquiring the services ,products or results needed from outside the project team to perform the work is defined as project procurement management or the processes to purchase/acquire products, services and results from outside the project. The main actors are†The Buyer† and the†The Seller† and central is the contractual obligations and regulations.Central is also how the purchasing process within the project is structured, with formal approvals and routines[16].In procurement process we have to consider the Business aspect,financial aspect,routines,instructions,investment aspect,subcontracting and every step in procurement will need its own tools Risk analysis,Investment calculus,vendor evaluation,quality assurance,specification determination,contract forms. 1. SPECIFICATION OF PLACE AND SIZE OF THE PROJECT. 1.1 NEW PROJECT OF GW For the first and second assignment, our company hasnt had any specific project. We only made the scope analysis, management plan, policy, stakeholder analysis, organizational chart within the subjects of Project Management, Quality, Human Resources, and Communication Management.(1,2) For the third assignment, The Company GW has a current project, which is now on going. We have been ordered to make a solar thermal power plant to the area of desert of Arizona, United States. The ordered is made by the United State Government. There should be installed a solar thermal power plant to be built in 5 years. The target of this plant is to generate 275MW energy per year. The energy gained from the solar power, will be used in order to meet the electricity need of the towns that are the closest ones to the solar power. According to the assumption, if 1 average roof is capable to be built 20 solar panels on it, it is expected that this amount of solar energy will meet the electricity needs of approximately 40000 building such as home, school, businesses, and public buildings. The usage of renewable energy will definitely provide the United State Government to make a reasonable profit. Since it doesnt cause any pollution, there will be generated a new perspective for environ mental aspects, and it will repay its installation cost in a short period of time. 2. MAKE A STAKEHOLDER ANALYSÄ °S FOR YOUR PROJECT 2.1 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS When we were making the scope analysis of GW, in Assignment I, we already mentioned that, stakeholders are any group, party, organization or people, that somehow plays a role within the whole project. They affect or are affected by the actions that the organization performs. Stakeholder analysis identifies the stakeholders and their interests, defines their roles and related responsibilities and specifies whether, and to what extent, their expectations are treated as requirement in the project [3,4,5]. 3. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE AREA OF DESERT OF ARIZONA IN MIND DUE TO RESOURCES (MAPS AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION) As we have discussed in our scope analysis, as The Company of GW, our main objective is to set up high quality and efficient solar power plants with a reasonable cost. Since we are also aware of keeping the harmonious balance of energy, one of our aims is also to compensate the energy need by providing the environmental protection to keep the earth green. In order to have a high efficient plant with a high quality, it is quite crucial to pay attention at which the installation will be done. Because the available resources play the most important role, after setting up a plant, in terms of efficiency. Efficiency for a plant can be found by the formula; desired output / required input. This formula can also be explained verbally; the highest efficiency we can get from a plan is 100% that is equal to 1 for this formula, which is impossible to obtain for the real life since we cannot have the ideal conditions. But in order to increase the efficiency to approach to zero, by a simple mathematics, we can say that, we need to keep the output higher as much as we can, while decreasing the input value. How we can decrease the required input value to nearly zero is by utilizing the natural resources as well as we can, which is the solar energy for our case. Therefore, it is very important to build up new plants to the regions, where there can be found high temperature and more sunny days available. Therefore, deserts take the first place in the ranking, when it needs to make a prioritizing. There is also one advantage that deserts can be used as a land for solar power systems, because there is no need any environmental impact such as lake (as it is needed for hydroelectric dams), or coal plants. There are also many advantages to install the plants in the United States as the land; * United States is the leader for the power research and development. * It is one of only two countries in the world that has the largest scale of solar power. * Since Arizona is located in the southwest of US, the feature of warm and sunny climate makes the desert of Arizona more favorable location for solar power. * This solar power plant not only reserved by the people live around it, but also affects some other people by rebates and tax credits. As it is also explained in the website of Department of Energy of United States ; â€Å"Specific federal and state tax laws permit private companies and homeowners to credit the purchase price of their solar power systems against their annual income tax payment.†[6,7] 4. LIST OF ITEMS NEEDED GW needs to identify the needed goods and services. This should be identified according to GWs organization chart and procurement plan. After identifying the needed goods and services, the suppliers which will successfully fulfill the contracts and supply good and services, should be found. The suppliers should be chosen according to their technical capability, experience and human resource capability. Here is a list of needed items and services for GW: Materials Services  § Office Equipment  § Rental Cars  § Meeting Rooms  § Restaurant/Cafeteria  § Security Stuff  § Computer Services  § Cleaning Supplies  § Tax Services  § Insurance Services  § Electric Services  § Heating Services  § Air Condition Services  § Building Repair Services  § Telecommunication Services  § Transport Services  § Treatment of Office Materials Service  § Education Services (for personnel trainings)  § Scientific and Technological Services (for industrial analysis, researches)  § Food and Drink Provider Service  § Security Service Table 2: List of item needed As we see in the table, most of the services and materials are the basic needs of company. These are not changeable according to the projects. According to the project, the use of these items may change. Also the needed items list has to be renewable all the time. The departments may need new items during the projects. Then these items should be added to the list. It means that this list can change in every phase of the project but as it is mentioned before, most of these items will be kept as basic needs. If new items would be identified in later phases of projects, the list can be detailed.[8,9] 5. MAKE OR BUY DECISION The act of making choice between producing an item (in -house ) Internallay or buying it from external source (Supplier) is make-or-buy decision. Make-or-buy decisions arises usually when a company has developed a product or modified a product or having trouble with current supplier or changing demand of the product. Make-or-buy decisions also occur at the operational level. Analysis suggest the following considerations that are in favor of making a part in-house (1) * The considerations of cost * To integrate the plant operations * The Productive utalisation of excess the plant capacity * The Need of direct control over production and/or quality * The Better quality control system * To protect Proprietary technology design. * Unreliable suppliers,No competent suppliers * Desire to maintain a stable workforce (in periods of declining sales) * The too small Quality to interest a supplier * lead time Controle , warehousing and transportation, costs * Greater assurance of continious supply. * Provision of a secondary source * The Political, environmental or social reasons. Some of the factors which influence may be on the firms to buy a part externally include: * Lacklessness of expertise,Suppliers research and specialized know-how exceeds that of the buyer * Consideration of cost. * Low-volume requirements. * Facilities of limited production or insufficient capacity * Strong desire of maintaining a multiple-source policy * The Indirect managerial control considerations. * Considerations of Procurement and inventory. * Preference Brand * Those Item which are not essential to the firms strategy There are two most important points to consider in a make-or-buy decision are and the availability of production capacity the cost . Obviously, the firm who buy will compare production and purchase costs.It provide the major elements included in this comparison. Elements of the â€Å"make† analysis include: * Carrying costs. * The direct labor costs. * Factory overhead costs * Purchased material costs which is delivered * Managerial costs. * Any other costs stemming from the quality and related problems. * Increasing purchasing costs, Increasing capital costs. Cost considerations for the â€Å"buy† analysis include: * Purchasing price,and transportation costs of the items. * Ä °nspection and reception costs. * The Incremental purchasing costs. * Any of the costs which is related to quality or service. 6. RISK ANALYSÄ °S (RA) FOR SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT TO THE AREA OF DESERT OF ARIZONA 6.1 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RISK OF SOLAR THERMAL The Desert of Arizona solar boom will impact social and economic dimensions of the region. Nearby residents and visitors will face the burden of increased traffic, pollution, noise, and infrastructure that will diminish the aesthetic qualities of the desert. A fringe impact of solar parks is increased land prices caused by growing demand from private industry. Economically, solar thermal parks will produce manufacturing and construction jobs. These jobs could provide more revenue for the surrounding community, increased investment in the local economy, and a larger tax base.[11,12] 6.2 RISK OF SOLAR THERMAL ON VEGETATION, WILDLIFE, AND WATER The Desert of Arizona is home diverse species and ecosystems, and large solar parks could be physical stressors on these desert systems. Considering the fragility, diversity, and complexity of the Desert of Arizona, large solar thermal parks could disrupt healthy ecosystems and augment pressures on already stressed species .Limited water supplies also complicate the benefits of solar thermal. 6.3 RISK OF SOLAR THERMAL ON DESERT SOIL ECOSYSTEMS: ASSESSMENT ENDPOINT The Desert of Arizona has recently caught the attention of scientists because of its ancient origins and carbon sequestration capabilities. Made up of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. The recent scientific literature regarding carbon sequestration in deserts is both new and solar power is perceived as a ‘clean energy source, reducing carbon production while providing much-needed energy. The production capabilities in Desert of Arizona could supply with most of its energy needs. Therefore, the goal of this project is to determine whether the installation and operation of solar thermal plants will impact carbon sequestration capabilities of the Desert of Arizona ecosystem and ecosystem services to the extent that more carbon is released or inhibited from being stored than saved while utilizing solar technology.[13] 6.4 QUALITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS: POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF SOLAR THERMAL PLANTS ON THE DESERT OF ARIZONA It is clear that the desert ecosystem will be disturbed and destroyed during the installation of the Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants in the Desert of Arizona. However, it is unclear, and therefore our primary question for this analysis, whether the sum gain of carbon saved by building and operating new solar thermal plants rather than operating fossil fuel power plants is greater than the sum loss of carbon that occurs when the desert habitat is disturbed and destroyed, thus altering the carbon sequestration abilities of the ecosystem. We approached this analysis in both a qualitative and quantitative manner. We will first describe the descriptive analysis of the risks associated with installation and operation of the CSP plants, followed by the quantitative approach of applying a cost-benefit analysis to compare net carbon gains by using CSP plants rather than an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (ICGG) plant, which uses â€Å"clean coal† technology.[14] 7. RA WHAT TO DO IF THE RISK OCCURS ? 7.1 CARBON LOSS DUE TO INSTALLATÄ °ON OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS Carbon sequestration is thought to occur on a variety of levels within desert and semi-arid ecosystems. The primary stressor in this analysis is the physical destruction of the habitat that will occur with the installation of the solar collecting facilities, roads, and transmission lines or towers. While CSP plants are large, some estimate they use less land area than hydroelectric dams or coal plants. Nonetheless, existing vegetation, including the aboveground biomass and belowground plant tissue and roots will be cleared prior to installation of CSP plants. Additionally, it is assumed that biological soil crusts will be destroyed and alkaline soils will be removed during the CSP installation process, especially if land leveling, contouring, and construction of stabilizing features for high desert winds are needed. While the soil may only be displaced and later deposited in other desert areas, we assumed the stored carbon was released into the atmosphere. This may be an overstatemen t of the potential effect; however, we decided to assume the scenario causing the greatest impact given the limited available information. 7.2 LOSS OF FUTURE CARBON SEQUESTRATION WITH THE OPERATION OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS In addition to the loss of stored carbon, the CSP facility and supporting infrastructure will likely inhibit the future sequestration of carbon across the inhabited area. Some researchers such as Schlesinger are skeptical of the high flux rates especially given the lack of information to support where the carbon is stored and whether carbon sequestration within desert biomes has increased since the Industrial Revolution. However, if these desert ecosystems do sequester large carbon pools, then large alterations of the ecosystem will likely result in the loss of future sequestration capabilities for the global carbon budget. 7.3 OTHER POTENTIAL IMPACTS AS A RESULT OF INSTALLATÄ °ON AND OPERATÄ °ON OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS Although the majority of this analysis has characterized solar thermal as a physical stressor, CSP plants also pose chemical risks. CSP plants may use molten salts to store the thermal energy and these oxidizing salts may pose both health and ecological risks. Furthermore, impacts will occur on water supplies and resources, as water is piped from limited aquatic systems; Desert of Arizona, some of which may have declining populations; and nearby human communities. These impacts were not evaluated in this risk analysis but should be considered in a more comprehensive evaluation. 7.4 QUANTITATIVE RA/ COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS The objective of this cost benefit analysis is to weigh the possible costs of building a solar thermal plant in the Desert of Arizona. The scope of this cost benefit analysis will be limited to solar thermal plants located in Desert of Arizona, and the currency used will be carbon. It is important to note that these values are estimates and the quantitative analysis is limited to carbon. In a comprehensive risk assessment, a full ecological cost benefit analysis would be conducted in order to measure the true costs of a solar thermal plant. Other parameters that would be considered include impacts on the Desert of Arizona of the region, water resources, social and economic implications and land costs. Carbon costs of construction and operation of the solar thermal plant were calculated based on a review of the primary literature. Carbon released from disruption of Desert of Arizona soil, construction of the solar thermal plant, and disruption of carbon sequestration capabilities were considered in the evaluation. [15] 8. RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS FLOWCHART CONCLUSION In this paper we define and implement the project procurement and risk management for our green show project,we specify the place and size of our project and also analysis of stackholders were made .We also investigate the area due to resources and geographical information .A list of items like systems ,services and materials etc was made and finally we also perform make or buy decisions for the items.Both types of qualatative and quantitative risk analysis was also made.We present a risk management plane in the form of flow chart with roles and resposibilities.We come to a point that project procrutment and risk management is the most important area of project management. REFERENCES [1] http://www.jasolar.com/ [2] http://michaelbluejay.com/sri/solar.html [3] http://maps.google.com/ [4] http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0209-solar.html [5] http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0113-energy.html [6] http://news.discovery.com/tech/ten-places-harness-solar.html [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Desert [8] http://xeno.ipaustralia.gov.au/tmgoods.htm [9] http://www.treasury.gov.lk/FPPFM/pfd/circulars/NPACircular11.pdf 10) http://www.enotes.com/management-encyclopedia/make-buy-decision [11] SOLAR THERMAL IN THE MOJAVE DESERT, 13 March 2009. [12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plants_in_the_Mojave_Desert [13] http://www.aps.com/ [14] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems [15] Financing Solar Thermal Power Plants, Rainer Kistner and Henry W. Price, April 1999. [16] Erika Lecture notes

Network factors :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The shape of a network can take many different forms and these topologies can be connected by a variety of means. The differing topologies are Mesh, Bus, Ring and Star and each one will be examined and the advantages and disadvantages explored. These networks can be connected via Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) or wireless. Each of the connection methods will also be analyzed and the differences will be explained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term network topology refers to the physical layout of computers, cables, and other components that make up a network. The choice of one topology over another is important for the network professional and will have an impact on the type of equipment the network needs, the capabilities of the equipment, the growth of the network and the way the network is managed. The different types of topologies each require different communication methods and these will also have an influence on the network.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first topology to be discussed is the bus topology. It consists of devices that are connected to a common shared cable. The bus topology is the simplest and most common method of networking computers with the computers set up in a straight line. The single cable that feeds all of the computers is known as the trunk (also called backbone or segment) and connects all of the network computers in a single line. The computers communicate by addressing data to a certain computer and sending out the data onto the cable via electronic signals. The signal is sent out on the bus and only the computer whose address matches the address encoded in the original accepts the information. A disadvantage of the bus topology is that only one computer can send data at a time and this limits the number of computers that can be on the network. The more computers on the bus, the more computers will be waiting to put data on the bus and slow down network performance. Another disadvan tage is that if the trunk breaks or is becomes un-terminated, the network will cease to function since the signal will bounce. The advantage to a bus network is that if one computer on the bus fails, it will not affect the others on the bus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A star topology has cable pieces from each computer connected to a central hub. The signals are transmitted from the sending computer through the hub to call computers on the network.